Ch 09: Chemistry in Everyday Life

🏠 Chapter At a Glance

Penicillin

First antibiotic (from fungus)

Quinine

Antimalarial (Cinchona tree)

Jena Glass

Best quality glass

Vulcanisation

Rubber + Sulphur @ 313K

Drugs: Diagnosis, prevention, treatment of diseases
Cement: Portland Cement — Joseph Aspdin (1824)
Explosives: RDX (Henning, 1899) | TNT — Alfred Nobel (1863)
Key sweetener: Saccharin, Aspartame, Sucralose — for diabetics

💊 Classification of Drugs

🧪 Antacids

Control HCl acidity in stomach. e.g., Mg(OH)₂, Cimetidine

🌡️ Antipyretics

Regulate body temperature. e.g., Paracetamol, Aspirin, Brufen

🤧 Antihistamines

Relieve allergies (asthma, swelling, itching). e.g., Brompheniramine (Dimetapp), Terfenadine

😴 Tranquilizers

Stress, anxiety, mental illness. Sleep: Veronal; Insomnia: Equanil, Valium; Depression: Cocaine, Iproniazid; Mental illness: LSD, Mescaline; Barbiturates

💉 Pain Killers (Analgesics)

Narcotic (hypnotics): Morphine, Heroin | Non-narcotic sedatives: Paracetamol, Dichlorofinac

🦠 Antibiotics

Broad spectrum (kills many types): Chloramphenicol (Typhoid), Tetracycline | Narrow spectrum (kills one type): Penicillin (obtained from fungus)

🧴 Antiseptics / Disinfectants

Prevent/destroy bacteria in open wounds. e.g., Dettol, Iodoform (Iodine), Methylene blue

🔬 Sulpha Drugs

Sulphur + Nitrogen → prevent bacterial infections. Sulphanyl amide = first sulpha drug (1908)

😴 Anaesthetics

Closer of sensory organs; used in surgery. e.g., Diethyl ether, Chloroform

🌿 Quinine

Antimalarial drug. Derived from Cinchona tree

⚠️ Exam Trap — Drugs

Penicillin = obtained from fungus (NOT bacteria); first antibiotic; narrow spectrum
Chloramphenicol = broad spectrum; used for typhoid & high fever
Quinine = antimalarial; from Cinchona tree
First sulpha drug = Sulphanyl amide (1908)
Aspirin = antipyretic (fever) AND pain killer; NOT antibiotic
Paracetamol = antipyretic + non-narcotic pain killer
Morphine/Heroin = narcotic analgesics (hypnotics)

🎨 Dyes

📘 Dyes

Used for colouring fibres and food items. Chromophore groups (nitro, azo etc.) are responsible for colours.

By Application

Type	Use / Example
Acidic dyes	Dyeing wool, silk, nylon; e.g., Methyl Orange, Congo Red
Basic dyes	Dyeing nylon, polyester; e.g., Yellow aniline, Green malachite
Bonding dyes	Alizarin — Red with Al, Blue with Ba

By Chemical Composition

Type	Example
Azo dyes	Methyl Orange
Phthalein dyes	Phenolphthalein
Indigoid dyes	Indigo, Tyrian purple
Anthraquinone	Alizarin (natural)
Triphenylmethane	Green malachite

⚠️ Exam Trap — Dyes

Methyl Orange = Azo dye (also an indicator)
Alizarin = Anthraquinone dye (natural); Red with Al, Blue with Ba
Indigo dye = Indigoid type (used in jeans)
Phenolphthalein = Phthalein dye (also indicator)

🧵 Fibres

Natural Fibres

From animals and plants

Cotton (plant)
Flax/Linen (plant)
Wool (animal — sheep)
Silk (animal — silkworm)

Semi-Synthetic Fibres

Man-made

Polyester
Metallic fibres
Rayon (from cellulose)

📋 Synthetic Fibres & Uses

Fibre	Key Uses
Nylon	Toothbrush bristles, ropes, parachutes, fishing nets, clothes
Polyester	Clothes, hosepipes (fire fighting)
Carbon fibre	Spacecraft parts, sporting goods
Acrylonitrile	Synthetic blankets (in place of wool)

⚠️ Exam Trap — Fibres

Nylon = used in parachutes, toothbrush bristles, fishing nets
Carbon fibre = used in spacecraft parts (NOT clothing)
Acrylonitrile = synthetic substitute for wool (blankets)

🔬 Types of Glass

📘 Glass

Amorphous homogeneous mixture of silicates of alkali metals. Ordinary glass = Na₂O·CaO·6SiO₂ (partially transparent).

Glass Type	Composition	Uses
Soda Glass	Na₂CO₃ + CaCO₃ + SiO₂	Test tubes, bottles, lab equipment, daily utensils
Photo Chromatic	Usual + Silver Chloride	Making sunglasses
Jena Glass (Best)	Zinc + Barium Borosilicate	Chemical vessels, scientific instruments
Flint Glass	K carbonate + Lead oxide + Silica	Electric bulbs, cameras, telescope, microscope lens, prism
Crookes Glass	Cerium oxide + Silica	Sunglass lenses
Pyrex Glass	Barium silicate + Na silicate	Lab equipment, pharmaceutical vessels
Quartz / Silica Glass	Melted Silica (SiO₂)	UV lamps, chemical reagent containers
Water Glass	Na₂CO₃ + Silica	Soluble in water; optical fibre, endoscopy

🌈 Colouring Agents for Glass

Carbon

Brown / Black

Cadmium Sulphide

Lemon Yellow

Cobalt Oxide

Dark Blue

Cuprous Oxide

Glitter Red

Cupric Oxide

Peacock Blue

Gold Chloride

Ruby Red

Manganese Dioxide

Pink

Ferric Oxide

Brown

K Dichromate

Green

⚠️ Exam Trap — Glass

Best glass = Jena glass (Zn + barium borosilicate)
Sunglasses = Photo chromatic (Silver Chloride); also Crookes glass (Cerium oxide)
Cobalt oxide = Dark Blue; Gold chloride = Ruby Red
Alizarin gives red with Al, blue with Ba
Glass = Amorphous solid (NOT crystalline)
Water Glass = Na silicate; soluble in water

🏗️ Cement & Fertilisers

Cement

Portland Cement — Joseph Aspdin (1824)

CaO: 60–70%
SiO₂: 20–25%
Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃: 2–3%

Fertilisers

Plant Nutrients

N (Nitrogenous): Urea (NH₂CONH₂), Ammonium sulphate
P (Phosphatic): Phosphatic asphalt
K (Potash): Potassium nitrate & sulphate
NPK: Nitrogen + Phosphorus + Potassium

🧬 Polymers

📘 Definition

Compounds of high molecular weight formed by combining repeating small molecules (monomers).
nCH₂=CH₂ → (–CH₂–CH₂–)ₙ = Polythene

Polythene

Monomer: Ethylene

Polystyrene

Monomer: Styrene

PVC

Monomer: Vinyl Chloride

Bakelite

Formaldehyde + Phenol

Urea Formaldehyde Resin

Urea + Formaldehyde

Melamine

Melamine + Formaldehyde; fire resistant

Thermoplastic

Softens when heated

Polythene
PVC
Can be remoulded and recycled

Thermosetting

Does NOT soften when heated

Bakelite — heat & electricity insulator; power switches
Melamine — fire resistant; firefighter suits
Cannot be remoulded

⚠️ Exam Trap — Polymers

Bakelite = Thermosetting (NOT thermoplastic); power switch insulator
PVC = Thermoplastic
Melamine = fire resistant; used in firefighter clothing
Polythene monomer = Ethylene (CH₂=CH₂)
Bakelite monomers = Formaldehyde + Phenol

⚙️ Rubber

Natural Rubber

Obtained from vegetable milk (latex)
Elastic polymer
Monomer: Isoprene
Properties: soft, sticky when hot; brittle when cold; not ideal

Synthetic Rubber

Neoprene — polymer of Chloroprene
Buna-N — another synthetic rubber
Better properties than natural rubber in many ways

Vulcanisation

Process to improve rubber quality

Synthetic rubber heated with sulphur compound at 313 K in presence of ZnO
Results: harder, stronger, more elastic, less sticky
Tyre manufacture → Vulcanisation with 5% sulphur
Battery case → Vulcanisation with 30% sulphur

💥 Explosives

Explosive	Details
RDX	Cyclotrimethylene; Discovered by Henning, Germany (1899)
TNT / TNG	Trinitroglycerine (Nobel Oil); Dynamite by Alfred Nobel (1863)

⚠️ Exam Trap — Rubber & Explosives

Natural rubber monomer = Isoprene
Vulcanisation temperature = 313 K
Tyre = 5% sulphur; Battery case = 30% sulphur
TNT/Dynamite → Alfred Nobel (1863)
RDX → Henning (1899)

🍎 Food Chemistry — Preservatives & Sweeteners

Food Preservatives

Prevent spoilage of food items

Sodium benzoate
Salt (NaCl)
Sugar
Oil
Salts of sorbic and propanoic acid

Antioxidants

Prevent oxidation of food

Antioxidant	Food Source
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)	Fruits and vegetables
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)	Vegetable oil
Carotenoids	Fruits and vegetables (orange/yellow)
Polyphenolic antioxidants	Tea, Coffee, Chocolate, Soyabean
BHA / BHT	Synthetic antioxidants in packaged food

🍬 Artificial Sweetening Agents (for Diabetics)

Aspartame

100×

sweeter than sucrose

Widely used; successful

Saccharin

550×

sweeter than sucrose

Ortho-sulpho benzamide; Not harmful

Sucralose

600×

sweeter than sucrose

Trichloro derivative of sucrose

Alitame

2000×

sweeter than sucrose

Strongest artificial sweetener

⚠️ Exam Trap — Sweeteners

Alitame = strongest sweetener (2000× sucrose)
Saccharin = ortho-sulpho benzamide; 550× sucrose; NOT harmful
Sucralose = trichloro derivative of sucrose; 600× sweeter
Aspartame = most widely used; 100× sucrose
All are for diabetics (do not raise blood sugar)

🎯 High-Frequency BPSC/BSSC Exam Points

Antacid = controls HCl acidity; e.g., Mg(OH)₂
Antipyretics = fever; e.g., Paracetamol, Aspirin, Brufen
Antihistamine = allergies (asthma, swelling)
Penicillin = from fungus; narrow spectrum; first antibiotic
Chloramphenicol = broad spectrum; Typhoid treatment
First sulpha drug = Sulphanyl amide (1908)
Quinine = antimalarial; from Cinchona tree
Anaesthetic = Diethyl ether, Chloroform
Methyl Orange = Azo dye | Alizarin = Anthraquinone dye (natural); Red with Al, Blue with Ba
Nylon = parachutes, toothbrush, fishing nets
Carbon fibre = spacecraft parts
Jena glass = Best glass (Zn + barium borosilicate)
Cobalt oxide → Dark Blue glass | Gold chloride → Ruby Red glass
Portland Cement: Joseph Aspdin (1824); CaO 60–70%
Natural rubber monomer = Isoprene
Vulcanisation: 313K + ZnO; Tyre = 5% S; Battery = 30% S
Bakelite = Thermosetting (Formaldehyde + Phenol)
PVC monomer = Vinyl Chloride | Polythene monomer = Ethylene
TNT/Dynamite = Alfred Nobel (1863)
RDX = Henning, Germany (1899)
Food preservative = Sodium benzoate
Alitame = 2000× | Saccharin = 550× | Sucralose = 600× | Aspartame = 100×

⚠️ Most Common Exam Traps

Penicillin = from fungus (NOT bacteria)
Aspirin = antipyretic + pain killer (NOT antibiotic)
Quinine = Cinchona tree (NOT synthetic)
Bakelite = Thermosetting (NOT thermoplastic)
Glass = Amorphous solid (NOT crystalline)
Jena = Best glass; Pyrex = lab glass
Tyre sulphur = 5%; Battery = 30%
Alitame = strongest sweetener (2000×)
Saccharin = 550×; NOT harmful (safe for diabetics)
Alfred Nobel = TNT/Dynamite | Henning = RDX

🏠 Chemistry in Everyday Life