Ch 07: Control, Coordination & Movement

⚡ Nervous System — Overview

Coordination = Balance between external/food reactions + maintaining normal conditions
Nervous system provides control via electrical impulses
Neuron: Structural and functional unit
Synapse: Junction between two neurons — transmits electrical impulses

Impulse path:Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neuron → Brain/Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Effector organ

📋 Human Nervous System — Divisions

CNS (Central)

Brain (1300–1400 gm)
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Spinal cord

PNS (Peripheral)

Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
Spinal nerves: 31 pairs

ANS (Autonomic)

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

⚡ Quick Recall

Reflex action = Automatic, involuntary response to stimulus (e.g. Sneezing, Coughing). Controlled by Spinal cord (not brain!).

👁️ Receptors

Organ	Sensation
Ear	Hearing + Maintains body balance
Eye	Vision
Skin	Touch, Heat, Pain perception
Nose	Smell receptors
Tongue	Taste buds / receptors

⚡ Quick Recall — Eye Facts

Iris: Controls pupil expansion/contraction | Cornea: Transparent front part | Lacrimal gland: Releases tears | Superior rectus: Eye muscle controlling eye movements

⚠ Exam Trap

Reflex action controlled by Spinal cord — brain nahi! Eardrum = rubber sheet ki tarah behave karta hai. Endocrine system = Chemical coordination (hormones). Nervous = Electrical coordination (impulses).

🧠 Brain — Parts & Functions

1300–1400 gm

Brain weight

Forebrain

Voluntary actions

Midbrain

Vision & hearing reflexes

Hindbrain

Brain ↔ Spinal cord

1️⃣ Forebrain

Olfactory Lobe

Sense of smell

Cerebrum

Memory, Consciousness
Reasoning, Learning
Amnesia: Memory loss
Dementia / Alzheimer's: Memory loss + daily activity problems

Diencephalon

Epithalamus: Pain, sensation, heat & cold perception
Hypothalamus: Appetite, thirst, affection, disgust, sleep, heat control

2️⃣ Midbrain

Aids in vision and hearing reflexes
Changes in pupil size
Control of involuntary actions

3️⃣ Hindbrain

Connects brain and spinal cord

Pons

Respiratory center

Cerebellum

Maintains muscular balance
Controls posture

Medulla Oblongata

Breathing rhythm
Heart rate
Hiccups
Controls ANS

⚠ Exam Trap

Cerebellum = Balance & Posture (NOT memory). Cerebrum = Memory, reasoning. Medulla oblongata = Breathing + Heart rate. Hypothalamus = Appetite, thirst, sleep. Ye four alag-alag functions hain!

⚡ Quick Recall

Alzheimer's / Schizophrenia → affects emotions and behaviour. Spinal cord → controls & regulates reflexes.

💉 Endocrine System — Overview

Discoverer of animal hormones: Ernest H. Starling
Secreted by ductless endocrine glands in small quantities
Act as chemical messengers regulating body functions
Types: Peptides or Steroid

📋 Major Hormones — Complete Table

Gland	Hormone	Function	Hyposecretion Effect
Pituitary (Anterior)	Somatotropic / Growth Hormone (GH)	Control body growth	Dwarfism, Simmond's disease, stunted growth in childhood
Thyroid Gland	Thyroxine	Controls all basal metabolic activities (BMR)	Cretinism (children), Goitre (swelling in throat)
Adrenal Gland	Adrenaline / Epinephrine (do/die hormone), Nor-adrenaline	Increase BP, heartbeat; controls blood pressure	Low BP, Addison's disease
Pancreas (β-cells)	Insulin	Lowers blood sugar	Diabetes, excess water in urine
Pancreas (α-cells)	Glucagon	Raises blood sugar	Hypoglycemia
Testes (Men)	Testosterone (Androgen)	Secondary sexual characters, Spermatogenesis	Impotence
Ovaries (Women)	Oestrogen, Progesterone	Secondary sexual characters, Oogenesis, Prepare uterus for pregnancy	Infertility

⚠ Exam Trap

Insulin = β-cells of Islets of Langerhans (LOWERS blood sugar). Glucagon = α-cells (RAISES blood sugar). Dono pancreas se hain lekin different cells se! Adrenaline = "Do or Die hormone".

⚡ Quick Recall

Goitre = Thyroid (iodine deficiency → Thyroxine deficiency). Cretinism = Thyroid in children. Dwarfism = Pituitary (GH deficiency). Diabetes = Pancreas (Insulin deficiency).

💪 Muscular System

Feature	Striated (Skeletal)	Unstriated (Smooth)	Cardiac
Type	Voluntary, Skeletal	Involuntary, Smooth	Involuntary, Striated
Bands	Alternating actin & myosin bands	No bands	Bands present
Location	Attached to skeleton	Uterus, Intestines, Pupil of eye, Trachea	Heart

Strongest muscle:Masseter (jaw) Largest muscle:Gluteus maximus

⚠ Exam Trap

Strongest muscle = Masseter (jaw). Largest muscle = Gluteus maximus. Cardiac = striated but involuntary!

🦴 Human Skeletal System — Total 206 Bones

Body Part	Section	Bones (Name & Count)
Head	Skull (Cranium)	Occipital(1), Parietal(2), Frontal(1), Temporal(2), Sphenoid(1), Ethmoid(1) = 8
	Face	Nasal(2), Vomer(1), Inf. nasal conchae(2), Lacrimal(2), Palatine(2), Zygomatic(2), Maxilla(2), Mandible(1) = 14
	Ear bones	Malleus(2), Incus(2), Stapes(2) = 6
	Hyoid	Hyoid(1) = 1
Vertebral Column	Neck (Cervical)	7
	Chest (Thoracic)	12
	Waist (Lumbar)	5
	Sacrum	1 (5 in infants)
	Coccyx	1 (4 in infants)
Thorax	Sternum + Ribs	Sternum(1) + Ribs(24) = 25
Upper Limbs	Pectoral girdle	Scapula(2) + Clavicle(2) = 4
	Pelvic girdle	Innominate(2) = 2
	Upper arm	Humerus(2) = 2
	Lower arm	Radius(2) + Ulna(2) = 4
	Wrist (Carpal)	16
	Palm + Fingers	Metacarpals(10) + Phalanges(28) = 38
Lower Limbs	Thigh (Femur)	Femur(2) = 2 (Largest & strongest bone)
	Shin	Tibia(2) + Fibula(2) = 4
	Knee (Patella)	2
	Ankle + Sole	Tarsal(14) + Metatarsals(10) = 24
	Toes (Phalanges)	28
TOTAL		206 Bones

⚠ Exam Trap

Total bones = 206. Largest & strongest bone = Femur (thigh). Cervical vertebrae = 7 (neck). Ear bones: Malleus, Incus, Stapes (smallest bone in body!). Ribs = 24 (12 pairs).

⚡ Quick Recall — Vertebrae Formula

Cervical 7 · Thoracic 12 · Lumbar 5 · Sacrum 1 · Coccyx 1 = 26 vertebrae total

🔗 Types of Joints

Joint Type	Mobility	Location / Example
Immovable	No movement	Skull bones; Teeth & jaw joint
Semi-movable	Limited movement	Pubic symphysis (pelvic girdle)
Ball & Socket	All-direction movement	Shoulder, Ankles, Feet
Hinge	One-direction (like door hinge)	Elbow, Fingertips
Pivotal	Rotation	Atlas & Axis (neck)
Saddle	Two-direction movement	Wrist & Ankle

⚡ Quick Recall

Movable joints contain Synovial fluid in the synovial cavity — provides lubrication. Ball & socket = maximum movement (shoulder). Hinge = only flex/extend (elbow).

⚠ Exam Trap

Skull joints = Immovable. Neck (Atlas-Axis) = Pivotal. Elbow = Hinge. Shoulder = Ball & Socket. Ye four commonly poochhe jaate hain!

🌿 Plant Movements

Tropic Movement (Growth-related)

Movement in direction of stimulus or opposite
Phototropism: Response to light
Root = negative (away from light) | e.g. Sunflower
Geotropism: Response to gravity
Roots = positive (towards gravity) | Shoot = negative
Hydrotropism: Movement towards water
Chemotropism: Response to chemical
e.g. Pollen tube growth towards ovule in style

Nastic Movement (Non-growth)

NOT growth-related
Unaffected by direction of stimuli
e.g. Touch-me-not plant (Mimosa pudica)

⚠ Exam Trap

Tropic = Growth-related, direction matters. Nastic = Non-growth, direction does NOT matter. Touch-me-not = Nastic (thigmonasty). Sunflower = Phototropism.

🌱 Plant Hormones

Category	Hormone	Key Functions
Growth Promoters	Auxin	Apical dominance, Cell elongation, Parthenogenesis
	Gibberellin	Bolting, Reduces phototropism, Seed germination
	Cytokinin	Cell division, Delays senescence, Breaks dormancy
Growth Inhibitors	Abscisic Acid (ABA)	Closing of stomata (stress), Dormancy, Senescence
Growth Inhibitors	Ethylene (Gaseous hormone)	Ripening of fruits, Senescence

⚠ Exam Trap

Ethylene = only gaseous plant hormone → fruit ripening. ABA = "Stress hormone" of plants → stomata close, dormancy. Auxin = Apical dominance (tip suppress side branches). Gibberellin = Bolting (rapid stem elongation).

⚡ Quick Recall

Growth Promoters: Auxin · Gibberellin · Cytokinin → AGC
Growth Inhibitors: ABA · Ethylene

🧠 Chapter 07 — Control, Coordination & Movement