NITI Aayog — Non-Constitutional AND Non-Statutory (no act of Parliament). Lokpal — Statutory (created by Lokpal Act, 2013). NHRC — Statutory (Human Rights Protection Act, 1993). Ye teen alag categories hain!
| Body | Article/Act | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Election Commission (ECI) | Art. 324 | Constitutional |
| UPSC | Art. 315 | Constitutional |
| CAG | Art. 148 | Constitutional |
| Attorney General | Art. 76 | Constitutional |
| NCSC / NCST | Art. 338/338A | Constitutional |
| NCBC | Art. 338B | Constitutional |
| GST Council | Art. 279A | Constitutional |
| Linguistic Minorities Commission | Art. 350B | Constitutional |
| NHRC | HRPA 1993 | Statutory |
| CIC | RTI Act 2005 | Statutory |
| CVC | CVC Act 2003 | Statutory |
| Lokpal | Lokpal Act 2013 | Statutory |
| NCW | NCW Act 1990 | Statutory |
| NITI Aayog | Cabinet Res. | Non-Const. Non-Statutory |
| CBI | DSPE Act 1946 | Statutory |
CEC removal = SC Judge level (Special Majority). Other EC removal = on CEC's recommendation (much easier to remove). 2023 amendment changed appointment committee — earlier only PM + CJI + LoP, now CJI removed, replaced by Cabinet Minister.
ECI elections conduct karta hai: LS, RS, State Legislative elections + President + VP. But NOT Panchayat/Municipality elections — those are under State Election Commissions (Art. 243K).
| Category | UPSC | SPSC |
|---|---|---|
| Part / Articles | XIV / 315-323 | XIV / 315-323 |
| Appointment | President | Governor |
| Tenure | 6 yrs / 65 age | 6 yrs / 62 age |
| Removal | President (SC inquiry) | President (VERY IMPORTANT) |
| Suspension | President | Governor |
| Post-Chairman | No appointment at all ❌ | Eligible for UPSC/other SPSC ✅ |
| Salary Source | CF of India | CF of State |
| Report to | President | Governor |
| Second Term | Not eligible ❌ | Not eligible ❌ |
SPSC Chairman removal = PRESIDENT (not Governor). Governor sirf suspend kar sakta hai. Removal always President's prerogative — both UPSC and SPSC. UPSC Chairman post-retirement = NO government job ever. SPSC Chairman = can become UPSC/other SPSC Chairman.
IAS · IPS · IFS (Indian Forest Service). These 3 are constitutional — Art. 312 gives Parliament power to create them. Other services like IRS, IFS (Foreign) are NOT All India Services.
CAG = Art. 148 · Removed like SC Judge · NO reappointment. Public Accounts Committee (PAC) examines CAG reports — PAC chairman = Opposition Leader. CAG reports ke baad PAC action leta hai.
Attorney General (Art. 76) + 89 = Advocate General (Art. 165). AG qualification = SC Judge level. Advocate General qualification = HC Judge level. AG can practice privately — judges cannot!
GST Council Chairman = Union Finance Minister (not PM). This is a Constitutional body (via 101st Amendment). Inter-State Council Chairman = PM. NITI Aayog Chairman = PM. Different bodies, different chairpersons!
| Feature | NCSC (Art. 338) | NCST (Art. 338A) | NCBC (Art. 338B) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment | 65th CAA, 1990 | 89th CAA, 2003 | 102nd CAA, 2018 |
| Effective | 1990 | 2004 | 2018 |
| Previously | Originally combined — bifurcated by 89th Amendment | Statutory (1993) → Constitutional (2018) | |
| Composition | Chairperson + Vice Chairperson + 3 Other Members | ||
| Appointment | By President | ||
| Tenure | 3 years | ||
| Function | Protect SC interests | Protect ST interests | Protect Backward Classes interests |
Originally NCSC & NCST ek single commission thi (65th Amendment, 1990). 89th Amendment (2003) ne inhe bifurcate kiya. NCBC pehle Statutory (1993) tha, 102nd Amendment (2018) ne Constitutional status diya. Teen alag amendment numbers!
NHRC Chairperson must be former CJI (not sitting CJI). Maximum age = 70 years. Other bodies like CAG/UPSC have 65 years — NHRC alone has 70 years. Also: Int'l Human Rights Day = 10 Dec, not 12 Oct.
RTI Act effective = 12 Oct 2005. CIC oversees implementation of RTI at Union level. Each State has State Information Commission (SIC) — appointed by Governor.
CVC appointment selection committee = PM + LoP + Home Minister. CEC appointment selection committee = PM + LoP + Cabinet Minister (nominated by PM). Dono mein LoP common hai — baaki members alag hain!
Both CVC and CBI recommended by same K. Santhanam Committee (1964). CVC is supervisory; CBI is investigative. CBI operates under DSPE Act 1946 — an old colonial-era law that was never replaced!
Minorities recognized by Central Government = 6 groups. Note: Jain was added later. Hindus are NOT a minority nationally. But in some states (J&K, Manipur etc.) Hindus can be minority — state-level declaration alag hoti hai.
1st Lokpal in World = 1809, Sweden (called "Ombudsmen"). 1st Lokpal in India = Pinaki Chandra Ghose (2019). Current = Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar. 1st Lokayukta in India = Maharashtra (1971).
Lokpal investigation includes PM with restrictions — not fully covered. PM investigation only after Lokpal's full bench approves it (7/8 members). International Peace, External Affairs, Atomic Energy — PM excluded for these subjects.
Planning Commission = Statutory body? NO — also non-statutory. NITI Aayog also non-statutory. Difference: Planning Commission had binding allocations, NITI Aayog only advisory role. States can now reject NITI Aayog recommendations. Arvind Panagariya = 1st VC + now 16th Finance Commission Chairman!
| Body | Article/Act | Type | Appointed by | Tenure | Removal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECI (CEC) | Art. 324 | Constitutional | President | 6 yrs / 65 age | Like SC Judge |
| UPSC Chairman | Art. 315 | Constitutional | President | 6 yrs / 65 age | President (SC inquiry) |
| SPSC Chairman | Art. 315 | Constitutional | Governor | 6 yrs / 62 age | President ⚠️ |
| CAG | Art. 148 | Constitutional | President | 6 yrs / 65 age | Like SC Judge |
| Attorney General | Art. 76 | Constitutional | President | At President's pleasure | — |
| NCSC / NCST / NCBC | Art. 338/338A/338B | Constitutional | President | 3 years | President |
| NHRC Chairperson | HRPA 1993 | Statutory | President | 3 yrs / 70 age | President |
| CIC | RTI Act 2005 | Statutory | President | 3 yrs / 65 age | President |
| CVC Chairman | CVC Act 2003 | Statutory | President | 4 yrs / 65 age | President |
| Lokpal Chairperson | Lokpal Act 2013 | Statutory | President | 5 yrs / 70 age | President |
| NCW Chairperson | NCW Act 1990 | Statutory | Central Govt | 3 years | Govt |
| NITI Aayog VC | Cabinet Resolution | Non-Constitutional Non-Statutory | PM | At PM's pleasure | PM |
1. SPSC removal = PRESIDENT (not Governor) · 2. NHRC & Lokpal tenure = 70 years (others = 65) · 3. CAG = No reappointment · 4. UPSC Chairman = No further govt job at all · 5. NITI Aayog = Non-Statutory (not even an act of Parliament)