State Executive = Centre ka mirror image. President → Governor · PM → CM · Attorney General → Advocate General · Parliament → State Legislature. Article numbers + 89 apply karo!
Governor "At the pleasure of President" hota hai — 5-year term fixed nahi hai. President kabhi bhi hata sakta hai. CM "At the pleasure of Governor" hota hai.
| Article | Subject |
|---|---|
| 153 | Governors of States |
| 154 | Executive Power of States |
| 155 | Appointment of Governor (by President) |
| 157 | Qualifications of Governor |
| 160 | Duties in contingency |
| 161 | Pardoning Power of Governor |
| 162 | Extent of Executive Power of State |
| 163 | Council of Ministers to aid & advise Governor |
| 164(1) | CM appointed by Governor |
| 165 | Advocate General of State |
| 166 | Nominal Executive — Governor |
| 213 | Ordinance-making power of Governor |
| 233 | Judges of Subordinate Courts (Governor appoints) |
7th CAA, 1956 — One person can be Governor of more than one state. Aise cases mein salary President decide karta hai.
Governor ka oath Chief Justice of High Court dilwata hai (President nahi). President ka oath CJI dilwata hai. Dono alag-alag hain!
Governor Death Penalty PARDON NAHI kar sakta — sirf President kar sakta hai (Art. 72). Governor ki pardoning power Art. 161 ke under hai — Suspension, Remission, Commutation only.
CM = State ka PM. PM → President ko inform karta hai (Art. 78). Similarly, CM → Governor ko inform karta hai. Ye parallel structure hai Centre-State mein.
CM ka oath Governor dilwata hai, CJI ya HC CJ nahi. CM State Legislature ka member hona chahiye — MLA ya MLC ho sakta hai. Agar nahi hai toh 6 mahine mein elected hona padega.
Ministers can participate in committee discussions but do NOT have voting rights in Parliamentary committees — same as Centre.
| Category | Rule | Amendment |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Strength | 15% of total Members of Legislative Assembly | 91st Amendment |
| Minimum Strength | Not less than 12 Ministers | 91st Amendment |
| Delhi (Special) | Max 10% of Assembly or 7 (whichever is less) | 69th Amendment |
91st Amendment — Max 15% (same as Centre) lekin min. 12 bhi fix kiya. Delhi ke liye 69th Amendment special rule — max 10% or 7, whichever is less. Delhi special status wali state hai!
Advocate General (State) = Art. 165 → qualified as HC Judge. Attorney General (Centre) = Art. 76 → qualified as SC Judge. State level mein qualification bar lower hai.
Attorney General (Art. 76) + 89 = Advocate General (Art. 165). Dono Parliament/Legislature mein participate kar sakte hain, dono vote nahi de sakte!
| Feature | 🔵 Centre | 🟢 State |
|---|---|---|
| Constitutional Head | President | Governor |
| Real Executive | Prime Minister | Chief Minister |
| Chief Legal Officer | Attorney General (Art. 76) | Advocate General (Art. 165) |
| Qualification (Legal Officer) | Judge of SC | Judge of HC |
| Min. Age (Head) | 35 yrs (President) | 35 yrs (Governor) |
| Min. Age (Executive) | 25 yrs (PM — LS) | 25 yrs (CM — MLA) |
| Oath Administered by | CJI | CJ of High Court |
| Resignation to | VP (President) / President (PM) | President (Gov.) / Governor (CM) |
| Salary | ₹5 Lakh (President) | ₹3.5 Lakh (Governor) |
| Salary Source | CF of India | CF of State |
| Pardoning Power | Art. 72 (incl. Death Penalty) | Art. 161 (NO Death Penalty) |
| Ordinance Power | Art. 123 | Art. 213 |
| Max Ministers | 15% of LS (91st Amend.) | 15% of Assembly (91st Amend.) |
| Min. Ministers | Not specified | 12 (91st Amendment) |
| Legislature | Art. 79 (Parliament) | Art. 168 (State Legislature) |
1. Governor ka oath → CJ of HC (not CJI) · 2. Governor death penalty pardon → NAHI kar sakta · 3. Governor salary → CF of State (CF of India nahi) · 4. Advocate General qualification → HC Judge level (SC nahi)
Bihar ke Governor — Arif Mohammad Khan (currently). Bihar ke CM — Nitish Kumar (currently). Ye current affairs mein frequently aata hai!