Rajya Sabha permanent house hai — dissolve nahi hoti. Lok Sabha dissolve ho sakti hai. Dono ka First Session same date — 13 May 1952.
Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu (1992) — Presiding Officer decision final, but Judiciary can review. Disqualification on defection decided by Speaker (LS) / Chairman (RS).
Privilege sirf civil cases mein milti hai — criminal cases mein MP/MLA ko arrest kiya ja sakta hai. Aur ye protection 40 days before + session + 40 days after tak hai.
Salaries & Allowances → Parliament dwara decide · Paid from Consolidated Fund of India · Oath under 3rd Schedule.
104th Amendment (2020) — Anglo-Indian reserved seats (2 nominated) khatam kar diye. Ye originally 10 saal ke liye tha, baar baar extend hua, ab permanently khatam.
84th Amendment ne freeze kar diya seats 2026 tak. 2026 ke baad census ke baad delimitation hoga. Ye Southern states ke baare mein controversy ka point bhi hai.
Rajya Sabha mein State Legislatures vote karti hain, not public — indirect election. Members of State Legislature ne RS ke liye vote dena hota hai. MLAs vote karte hain RS election mein.
Highest RS seats: UP (31) → Maharashtra (19) → Tamil Nadu (18) → Bihar/WB (16 each). Bihar ka RS mein zyada seat hai Jharkhand se — bhi BPSC mein important!
Pro-tem Speaker — Senior-most MP after LS election · Appointed by President · Only job: administer oath to new MPs & conduct Speaker election.
VP Rajya Sabha ka member nahi hota — sirf Chairman hota hai. Isliye VP Parliament ke kisi bhi house mein vote nahi de sakta (unless as Chairman in RS — casting vote in tie).
Joint Sitting hierarchy: Speaker (LS) → Deputy Speaker (LS) → Deputy Chairman (RS). Joint sitting mein LS wale preside karte hain, RS wale nahi.
| State / UT | RS Seats | State / UT | RS Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uttar Pradesh | 31 | Tamil Nadu | 18 |
| Maharashtra | 19 | Bihar | 16 |
| West Bengal | 16 | Karnataka | 12 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 11 | Gujarat | 11 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 11 | Rajasthan | 10 |
| Odisha | 10 | Kerala | 9 |
| Assam | 7 | Telangana | 7 |
| Punjab | 7 | Jharkhand | 6 |
| Chhattisgarh | 5 | Haryana | 5 |
| J&K* | 4 | Delhi (NCT) | 3 |
| Puducherry | 1 | Nominated | 12 |
| TOTAL | 245 | ||
Bihar → Rajya Sabha: 16 seats · Lok Sabha: 40 seats. Ye Bihar wale students ke liye must-know hai!
| State | Total | SC | ST |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 17 | — |
| Maharashtra | 48 | 5 | 4 |
| West Bengal | 42 | 10 | 2 |
| Bihar | 40 | 6 | — |
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 7 | — |
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 4 | 6 |
| Karnataka | 28 | 5 | 2 |
| Gujarat | 26 | 2 | 4 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 4 | 1 |
| Rajasthan | 25 | 4 | 3 |
| Telangana | 17 | 3 | 2 |
| Delhi (NCT) | 7 | 1 | — |
| TOTAL | 543 | ||
Summoning (session bulana) = President ka kaam. Adjournment (session rokna temporarily) = Speaker ka kaam. Ye dono alag hain — commonly confuse hota hai!
Zero Hour — Constitution mein mentioned NAHI hai. Ye ek informal practice hai. Question Hour mein starred/unstarred/short notice questions aate hain.
Money Bill mein RS ka role sirf 14 days suggest karna hai — LS accept/reject kar sakti hai. All Money Bills are Financial Bills but NOT vice versa. 3 Joint Sittings abhi tak: Dowry (1961), Banking (1977), POTA (2002).
Pocket Veto — Giani Zail Singh ne India Post Office (Amendment) Bill pe use kiya. President ne na assent diya, na return kiya — bill pending raha.
Constitution Amendment Bill pe President veto nahi kar sakta (24th Amendment, 1971). Ordinary Bill pe Absolute/Suspensive/Pocket veto possible. Qualified Veto India mein NAHI hai.
Policy Cut = ₹1 · Token Cut = ₹100. Ye ulta lag sakta hai — Policy cut mein zyada symbolism hai (government ki policy se disagreement), Token cut mein specific grievance express hoti hai.
No-Confidence = Government girna (sirf LS mein) · Censure = Embarrass karna (government nahi girti) · Adjournment = Urgent issue uthana. Teen alag-alag cheezein hain!
No-Confidence aur Adjournment Motion dono mein minimum 50 members chahiye. Censure Motion mein koi minimum number nahi.
| Committee | Members | Key Details |
|---|---|---|
| Public Accounts Committee | 22 15 LS + 7 RS |
Oldest committee · Reviews expenditure & CAG reports · Headed by Opposition leader |
| Estimates Committee | 30 All from LS |
Est. 1950 · Suggestions on financial policies · Only LS members |
| Privileges Committee | 15 10 LS + 5 RS |
Examine breach of parliamentary privileges |
| Select Committee (JPC) | 30 From LS or RS |
Whichever house establishes it · Examination of special bills |
| Joint Select Committee | 45 30 LS + 15 RS |
Joint examination of bills by both houses |
| Committee on Public Undertakings | 22 15 LS + 7 RS |
Est. 1964 · Examines public sector accounts & CAG findings · Formed on K.C. Menon Committee recommendation |
Public Accounts Committee — Oldest + headed by Opposition leader (not ruling party). Estimates Committee — All 30 from LS only (RS ka koi member nahi). Ye dono points frequently pooche jaate hain!
"Budget" word Constitution mein hai hi nahi — it's called Annual Financial Statement. RS budget pe vote NAHI kar sakti — sirf discuss kar sakti hai.
Consolidated Fund se withdrawal ke liye Parliament ki permission zaroori hai. Contingency Fund se President bina Parliament ke withdraw kar sakta hai — baad mein Parliament se sanction lena hota hai.
| Article | Subject |
|---|---|
| 79 | Formation / Constitution of Parliament |
| 80 | Composition of Rajya Sabha |
| 81 | Composition of Lok Sabha |
| 82 | Readjustment after each census (Delimitation) |
| 83 | Duration of Houses |
| 84 | Eligibility / Qualifications for Parliament |
| 85 | Sessions, prorogation, dissolution |
| 86 | President's address to both Houses |
| 87 | Special address by President |
| 88 | Rights of Ministers & Attorney General |
| 89 | Chairman & Deputy Chairman of RS |
| 90 | Resignation & removal of Chairman |
| 91 | Power of Deputy Chairman |
| 93 | Speaker & Deputy Speaker of LS |
| 94 | Vacancy of LS Speaker |
| 97 | Salaries & Allowances |
| 98 | Secretariat of Parliament |
| 102 | Disqualification of Members |
| 103 | Disqualification by President (EC advice) |
| 107 | Bill — introduced in either House |
| 108 | Joint Sitting of both Houses |
| 110 | Money Bill |
| 112 | Annual Financial Statement (Budget) |
| 114 | Appropriation Bill |
| 117(3) | Finance Bill |
| 123 | Presidential Ordinance |
| 266(1) | Consolidated Fund of India |
| 266(2) | Public Accounts of India |
| 267 | Contingency Fund of India |