Council of Ministers ka advice President ke liye pehli baar binding nahi, lekin doosri baar binding hai (44th Amendment, 1978). Isse pehle President ko absolute discretion tha.
91st Amendment — maximum 15% MPs se zyada ministers nahi ho sakte. Iska matlab: Lok Sabha 543 members → max ~81 ministers (including PM). Anti-defection bhi is amendment ka hissa hai.
Art. 78 — PM ka duty hai ki woh President ko Cabinet decisions ke baare mein inform kare aur President jo bhi information maange woh de. Ye ek important constitutional obligation hai.
NITI Aayog — Planning Commission ki jagah 2015 mein bana. PM iska Ex-Officio Chairperson hota hai. Vice-Chairperson alag se appoint hota hai (PM nahi).
| # | Prime Minister | Tenure | Notable Fact |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Aug 1947 – May 1964 | Longest PM Architect of Modern India |
| — | Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) | May – Jun 1964 | 1st Acting PM |
| 2 | Lal Bahadur Shastri | Jun 1964 – Jan 1966 | Died in Tashkent while in office · "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" |
| — | Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) | Jan – Jan 1966 | Acting PM (2nd time) |
| 3 | Indira Gandhi | Jan 1966 – Mar 1977 | 1st Woman PM From Rajya Sabha |
| 4 | Morarji Desai | Mar 1977 – Jul 1979 | 1st Non-Congress PM |
| 5 | Charan Singh | Jul 1979 – Jan 1980 | Never faced LS Never addressed Lok Sabha |
| 6 | Indira Gandhi | Jan 1980 – Oct 1984 | Assassinated while in office |
| 7 | Rajiv Gandhi | Oct 1984 – Dec 1989 | Youngest PM · Later assassinated |
| 8 | V.P. Singh | Dec 1989 – Nov 1990 | 1st No-confidence First PM to resign after no-confidence vote · Also ex-CM |
| 9 | Chandra Shekhar | Nov 1990 – Jun 1991 | Govt. fell after Congress withdrew support |
| 10 | P.V. Narasimha Rao | Jun 1991 – May 1996 | 1st South India PM LPG reforms 1991 · Also ex-CM of AP |
| 11 | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | May 1996 – Jun 1996 | Shortest Tenure Only 13 days (1st stint) |
| 12 | H.D. Deve Gowda | Jun 1996 – Apr 1997 | Rajya Sabha member · Also ex-CM Karnataka |
| 13 | I.K. Gujral | Apr 1997 – Mar 1998 | "Gujral Doctrine" — foreign policy |
| 14 | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Mar 1998 – May 2004 | Nuclear Tests 1998 Pokhran-II · NDA govt. |
| 15 | Dr. Manmohan Singh | May 2004 – May 2014 | 1st Sikh PM Rajya Sabha member · Economic reforms architect |
| 16 | Narendra Modi | May 2014 – Present | 1st BJP majority PM GST · Demonetisation · 3 consecutive terms |
Nehru — Longest PM · Vajpayee — Shortest (13 days, 1st stint) · Indira — 1st Woman PM (from RS) · Morarji — 1st Non-Congress · Charan Singh — Never faced LS · Manmohan Singh — 1st Sikh PM (RS member) · Narasimha Rao — 1st South Indian PM
Attorney General Parliament ke dono Houses mein participate kar sakta hai lekin vote nahi de sakta. Aur woh private practice bhi kar sakta hai — ye judges se alag hai.
Attorney General (Centre) = Art. 76
Advocate General (State) = Art. 165
Centre ka AG, State ka Advocate General ke equivalent hai. +89 Rule se yaad karo!
Attorney General & Solicitor General alag hain. AG = Constitutional post (Art. 76). Solicitor General = Government appointee, no constitutional basis. AG sabse senior hai.
| Centre | Article | +89 | Article | State |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM (Council of Ministers) | 74 | → | 163 | CM (Council of Ministers) |
| Presidential Pardon | 72 | → | 161 | Governor's Pardon |
| Attorney General | 76 | → | 165 | Advocate General |
| Parliament | 79 | → | 168 | State Legislature |
| Rajya Sabha | 80 | → | 169 | Legislative Council |
| Lok Sabha | 81 | → | 170 | Legislative Assembly |
Ye trick exam mein article number bhool jaane par kaam aati hai. Centre ka article number + 89 = State equivalent. Sirf kuch exceptions hain — baaki sab isi rule mein aate hain.
+89 Rule ek memory trick hai, constitutional rule nahi. Iska use sirf article numbers yaad karne ke liye karo. Exam mein isko "constitutional provision" mat bolo!
| Article | Subject |
|---|---|
| 74 | Council of Ministers to aid & advise the President |
| 75 | Appointment, tenure, qualifications of PM & Ministers |
| 75(1) | PM appointed by President; other ministers on PM's advice |
| 75(2) | Ministers hold office during the pleasure of President |
| 75(6) | Salaries paid from Consolidated Fund of India |
| 76 | Attorney General of India |
| 77 | Conduct of Govt. business in the name of President |
| 78 | PM's duty to furnish information to the President |
Art. 74 — Cabinet ke advice President pe binding hai (44th Amendment se). Art. 75(2) — Ministers President ki "pleasure" pe hote hain, lekin practically PM ke kehne pe hata diye jaate hain. Art. 78 — PM ka duty hai President ko inform karna.