DPSP ka source Irish Constitution hai, Spanish Constitution nahi. Irish Art. 45 directly inspire karta hai. Exam mein "Spanish" option dalke confuse kiya jaata hai.
Ambedkar ne FR ko "Heart & Soul" kaha tha (Art. 32), aur DPSP ko "Novel Features" kaha. Granville Austin ne DPSP ko "Soul of Constitution" kaha — dono confuse hote hain exam mein!
Art. 43 & Art. 47 — dono Socialist aur Gandhian dono categories mein aate hain. Ye "Common DPSPs" hain.
UCC (Art. 44) ek DPSP hai — enforce nahi kiya ja sakta. Ab tak kisi bhi state ne fully implement nahi kiya. Ye Non-Justiciable hai.
| Category | Articles | Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Socialist | 38,39,39A,41,42,43,43A,47 | Economic equality, welfare |
| Gandhian | 40,43,43B,46,47,48 | Village & rural upliftment |
| Liberal | 44,45,48,48A,49,50,51 | Rights, environment, peace |
| Common (Both) | 43, 47 | Living wage + nutrition |
| Article | Provision | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 36 | Definition of 'State' (same as Art. 12) | — |
| 37 | DPSPs not enforceable by courts | — |
| 38(1) | Social, Economic & Political Justice | Socialist |
| 38(2) | Minimize inequalities in income (status & opportunities) | Socialist |
| 39(a) | Equal right to adequate livelihood — men & women | Socialist |
| 39(b) | Material resources for common good | Socialist |
| 39(c) | Avoid concentration of wealth | Socialist |
| 39(d) | Equal pay for equal work | Socialist |
| 39(e) | Protect worker's health & children's rights | Socialist |
| 39(f) | Growth of children with freedom & dignity | Socialist |
| 39A | Free Legal Aid | Socialist |
| 40 | Organisation of Village Panchayats | Gandhian |
| 41 | Right to work, education, public assistance | Socialist |
| 42 | Just & humane conditions of work, maternity relief | Socialist |
| 43 | Living wage for workers | Common ★ |
| 43A | Workers' participation in industrial management | Socialist |
| 43B | Promotion of cooperative societies | Gandhian |
| 44 | Uniform Civil Code (UCC) | Liberal |
| 45 | Early childhood care & education (below 6 yrs) | Liberal |
| 46 | Promote interests of SC/ST & weaker sections | Gandhian |
| 47 | Raise level of nutrition & standard of living | Common ★ |
| 48 | Organisation of agriculture & animal husbandry | Gandhian |
| 48A | Protection & improvement of environment | Liberal |
| 49 | Protection of monuments of national importance | Liberal |
| 50 | Separation of Judiciary from Executive | Liberal |
| 51 | Promotion of international peace & security | Liberal |
★ Art. 43 & 47 — dono categories mein aate hain (Common DPSPs). Exam mein aksar pucha jaata hai.
| Amendment | What Changed | Articles Added/Modified |
|---|---|---|
| 42nd Amendment | Added 4 new DPSP articles | 39(f), 39A, 43A, 48A |
| 44th Amendment | Added clause to Art. 38 | 38(2) — Minimize inequalities in income |
| 86th Amendment, 2002 | Modified Art. 45 | 45 — Changed from 6–14 yrs to below 6 yrs (childhood care) |
| 97th Amendment | Added cooperative societies article | 43B — Promotion of cooperative societies |
86th Amendment, 2002 ne Art. 45 modify kiya — pehle 6–14 saal ke liye tha, ab sirf 6 saal se neeche ke children ke liye early childhood care hai. 6–14 saal wala part Art. 21A (FR) mein shift ho gaya!
42nd Amendment (1976) — "Mini Constitution" bola jaata hai. Isme sabse zyada changes aaye — DPSP mein bhi 4 nayi articles add hui.
| 🔵 Fundamental Rights (Part III) | 🟢 DPSPs (Part IV) |
|---|---|
| Enforceable (Justiciable) | Non-Enforceable (Non-Justiciable) |
| Individual Centric | Group / Society Centric |
| Restrictions on Individual & State | Positive Duty on the State |
| Democratic & Civil Rights | Social & Economic Democracy |
| Negative in nature (restrictions) | Positive in nature (directions) |
| Art. 12–35 (Part III) | Art. 36–51 (Part IV) |
Minerva Mills Case (1980) ne settle kiya — FR aur DPSP complementary hain, equal importance ke hain. Dono mein balance banana zaroori hai.
DPSP enforceable nahi hain, lekin inhe ignore bhi nahi kiya ja sakta. Art. 37 kehta hai — ye "fundamental in governance" hain. Court inke against laws strike down kar sakta hai.
Evolutionary order yaad rakho: Champakam (FR > DPSP) → Golaknath (FR protect karo) → Keshavananda (Basic Structure) → Minerva Mills (Both equal). Sequence BPSC mein seedha pucha jaata hai!
73rd Amendment — Panchayati Raj (Rural) | 74th Amendment — Nagar Palikas (Urban). Dono 1992 mein pass hue, effective 1993 se.
MNREGA — Art. 41 (right to work) ke under implement kiya gaya. Ye DPSP ka real-world implementation ka best example hai.