| Part | Articles | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| Part 1 | 1–4 | Union & its Territory |
| Part 2 | 5–11 | Citizenship |
| Part 3 | 12–35 | Fundamental Rights ⭐ |
| Part 4 | 36–51 | Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) |
| Part 4A | 51A | Fundamental Duties |
| Part 5 | 52–151 | The Union |
| Part 6 | 152–237 | The States |
| Part 7 | 238 | Repealed |
| Part 8 | 239–242 | Union Territories |
| Part 9 | 243–243(O) | Panchayats |
| Part 9A | 243(P)–243(ZG) | Municipalities |
| Part 9B | 243(ZH)–243(ZT) | Cooperative Societies |
| Part 10 | 244–244(A) | Scheduled & Tribal Areas |
| Part 11 | 245–263 | Centre-State Relations |
| Part 12 | 264–300(A) | Finance, Property, Contracts & Suits |
| Part 13 | 301–307 | Trade & Commerce |
| Part 14 | 308–323 | Services under Union & States |
| Part 14A | 323A–323B | Tribunals |
| Part 15 | 324–329(A) | Elections |
| Part 16 | 330–342(A) | Special Provisions for Certain Classes |
| Part 17 | 343–351 | Official Language |
| Part 18 | 352–360 | Emergency Provisions ⭐ |
| Part 19 | 361–367 | Miscellaneous |
| Part 20 | 368 | Amendment of the Constitution |
| Part 21 | 369–392 | Temporary, Transitional & Special Provisions |
| Part 22 | 393–395 | Short Title, Commencement, Hindi text & Repeals |
| # | Schedule | Amendment Added | Key Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Union & State Territories | — | 28 States, 8 UTs |
| 2nd | Salaries & Allowances | — | President, VP, Judges, CAG, etc. |
| 3rd | Oaths & Affirmations | — | Ministers, MPs, MLAs, Judges, CAG |
| 4th | Rajya Sabha Seats Allocation | — | State-wise RS seats |
| 5th | Scheduled Areas & Tribes | — | Administration of Scheduled Areas |
| 6th | Other Tribal Areas | — | Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura & Mizoram |
| 7th | Union-State Relations | — | 3 Lists: Union, State, Concurrent |
| 8th | Official Languages | — | Originally 14, Now 22 languages |
| 9th | Land Reforms | 1st Amendment (1951) | Not challengeable in court (until 1973) |
| 10th | Anti-Defection | 52nd Amendment (1985) | Anti-defection provisions |
| 11th | Panchayat Subjects | 73rd Amendment (1992) | 29 subjects of Panchayats |
| 12th | Municipality Subjects | 74th Amendment (1992) | 18 subjects of Municipalities |
| Amendment | Year | Languages Added |
|---|---|---|
| 21st Amendment | 1967 | Sindhi |
| 71st Amendment | 1992 | Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali |
| 92nd Amendment | 2003 | Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali |
Use this mnemonic to remember the twelve Schedules:
T · E · A · R · S · O · F · O · L · D · P · M
The original Constitution contained eight Schedules. It now contains twelve; the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules were added later.
Fundamental Rights were influenced by the United States Constitution, while Fundamental Duties were drawn from the former Soviet Constitution. Do not confuse the sources.
The Directive Principles were borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937, not from the United Kingdom or the United States.
Residuary powers, covering matters absent from all three Lists, belong to the Union in India. This arrangement was borrowed from Canada; in the United States, such powers belong to the States.
The Eighth Schedule originally listed 14 languages and now lists 22. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment of 2003.
Laws in the Ninth Schedule, originally intended to protect land reforms from judicial challenge, became open to judicial review after the Kesavananda Bharati judgment of 1973.
The constitutional amendment procedure was borrowed from South Africa, not Germany. Germany was the source of the emergency provisions; these two sources are often confused.