Phase of National Politics (1922–29)

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Key Events — Quick Timeline 1922–31

1922 (Gaya)

Congress ne Council Entry proposal reject kiya. C.R. Das ne quit kiya.

Jan 1923

Swaraj Party founded — Prayagraj. C.R. Das (President) + Motilal Nehru (Secretary).

1924

HRA (Hindustan Republican Association) — Kanpur. Sachindranath Sanyal.

1925

Vitthalbhai Patel = President of Central Legislative Assembly. CPI formed in India — 26 Dec, Kanpur.

1926

Naujawan Sabha — Punjab. Bhagat Singh.

10 Dec 1928

HSRA formed — Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.

17 Nov 1928

Lala Lajpat Rai ki death — lathi charge by James Scott.

17 Dec 1928

Saunders assassination — Bhagat Singh, Azad, Rajguru. (Target: Scott, killed: Saunders).

8 Apr 1929

Assembly Bomb — Bhagat Singh + Batukeshwar Dutt. Public Safety Bill + Trade Disputes Bill protest.

13 Sep 1929

Jatin Das martyrdom — 64-day hunger strike in jail.

18 Apr 1930

Chittagong Armoury Raid — Surya Sen (Master Da).

23 Mar 1931

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru — Shaheed Diwas. Phaansi di gayi.

27 Feb 1931

Chandrashekhar Azad — Alfred Park, Prayagraj. Khud ko goli mari.

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Swaraj Party — Formation & Context

Background — Gaya Congress 1922

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President: Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das).

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Proposal: C.R. Das + Motilal Nehru — "Congress Legislative Councils mein ghuse aur andar se virodh kare."

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Result: Congress ne proposal reject kar diya → C.R. Das ne alag party bana li.

Swaraj Party Details

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Founded: January 1923. Place: Prayagraj (Allahabad).

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Earlier Name: Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party.

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President: C.R. Das. Secretary: Motilal Nehru.

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Objective: Councils mein entry lekar Colonial Governance ko obstruct karna, budget debates ka use karna, Responsible Government ke liye pressure.

Political Dualism — 2 Factions

No-Changers

Ideology: Constructive work — schools, ashrams banana. Council entry ke khilaf.

Leaders: C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel

Pro-Changers (Swarajists)

Ideology: Legislative Council mein ghusna aur andar se obstruct karna.

Leaders: C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Vitthalbhai Patel

⭐

Biggest Achievement (1925): Vitthalbhai Patel became President (Speaker) of Central Legislative Assembly — Swarajists ki sabse badi jeet.

Swaraj Party Jan 1923 = Prayagraj C.R. Das = President | Motilal Nehru = Secretary Vitthalbhai Patel 1925 = Speaker CLA No-Changers = Rajagopalachari + Vallabhbhai

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Trade Union Movement

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First Labour Leader: N.M. Lokhande — Sabse pehle workers ke issues uthaye.

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First Modern Trade Union: Madras Labour Union (1918). Founder: B.P. Wadia.

AITUC — All India Trade Union Congress

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Established: 1920. First Session: Bombay.

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First President: Lala Lajpat Rai. Vice-President: Joseph Baptista. General Secretary: Diwan Chamanlal.

✂️

Split 1929: Nagpur Session (presided by Jawaharlal Nehru). Reason: Communist vs Moderate approach — Leftist influence ki wajah se ideology takraav.

Other Trade Unions

Union	Founded	Key Facts
INTUC (Indian National Trade Union Congress)	May 1947	Founders: Vallabhbhai Patel + V.V. Giri. 1st President: Vallabhbhai Patel.
Hind Mazdoor Sabha	1948	By: Congress Socialists.

Madras Labour Union 1918 = B.P. Wadia (1st modern) AITUC 1920 = Lala Lajpat Rai (1st President) AITUC Split 1929 = Nehru presided Nagpur INTUC 1947 = Vallabhbhai Patel + V.V. Giri

☭

Communist Party of India (CPI)

Dates ka "Jhol" — Dhyan Dena!

Formation Abroad (First)

Date: 17th October 1920

Place: Tashkent (Uzbekistan)

Key Figure: M.N. Roy

Formation in India

Date: 26th December 1925

Place: Kanpur

Organizer: Satyabhakta (presided)

Communist Conspiracy Cases

Case	Year	Key Note
Peshawar Conspiracy Case	1922–27	—
Kanpur Conspiracy Case	1924	Muzaffar Ahmad key accused.
Meerut Conspiracy Case	1929–33	Muzaffar Ahmad key accused.

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July 1934: CPI ko colonial laws ke tehat unlawful (illegal) declare kiya gaya.

✂️

Split 1964: CPI → CPI (Marxist) alag bani.

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Associated Figures: M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmad, S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Ramcharan Lal Sharma.

CPI Abroad: 17 Oct 1920, Tashkent — M.N. Roy CPI India: 26 Dec 1925, Kanpur — Satyabhakta Illegal 1934 | Split 1964 → CPI (M) Muzaffar Ahmad = Kanpur + Meerut both cases

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HRA → HSRA — Revolutionary Organizations

HRA — Hindustan Republican Association

Founded: 1924, Kanpur

Main Leader: Sachindranath Sanyal

Objective: Armed Revolution. Federal Republic of India (United States of India).

Inspired by: Irish + Russian revolutionary traditions

Publications: "The Revolutionary" (manifesto), "Philosophy of the Bomb" (Bhagwati Charan Vohra)

Members: Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Ashfaqullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh

HSRA — Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

Founded: 10 December 1928

Place: Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi

Key Leadership: Chandrashekhar Azad + Bhagat Singh

Objective: India mein Socialist Republican State banana

Note: HRA ka naam badal kar HSRA kiya — "Socialist" add hua

Other Members: Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Sukhdev, Vijay Kumar Sinha, Shiv Kumar, Jaydev Kapoor

Naujawan Sabha

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Established: 1926, Punjab. Founder: Bhagat Singh. Objective: Youth + students ko political + socialist ideas se jodna.

Chandrashekhar Azad — Profile

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Born: 23rd July 1906.

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Role: Organizer of HSRA.

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Martyrdom: 27th February 1931. Alfred Park, Prayagraj. Police se ladte hue khud ko goli mari.

HRA 1924 = Sachindranath Sanyal, Kanpur HSRA 10 Dec 1928 = Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi Azad = 27 Feb 1931, Alfred Park, Prayagraj Naujawan Sabha 1926 = Bhagat Singh

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Key Incidents — 1928–1931

Saunders Assassination — 17 Dec 1928 (Lahore)

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Background: Simon Commission virodh mein Lala Lajpat Rai par lathi charge hua by James Scott (Superintendent of Police).

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Lalaji ki death: 17th November 1928.

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Revenge (17 Dec 1928): John Saunders (Assistant SP) ki hatya ki gayi. Mistaken identity — asal target James Scott tha, par galti se Saunders maara gaya.

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Revolutionaries: Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajguru.

Assembly Bomb Incident — 8 April 1929

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Date: 8th April 1929. Place: Central Legislative Assembly.

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Revolutionaries: Bhagat Singh + Batukeshwar Dutt.

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Protest against: (1) Public Safety Bill + (2) Trade Disputes Bill.

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Intention: "To make the deaf hear" — kisi ko maarna nahi tha.

Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929) & Jatin Das

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April 1929: Police raids HSRA hideouts — Kishori Lal, Sukhdev, Jai Gopal arrested.

🍽️

Jatin Das: Jail mein 64-day hunger strike (political prisoner status ke liye). Death: 13th September 1929.

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Execution (Shaheed Diwas): 23rd March 1931. Martyrs: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru.

Chittagong Armoury Raid — 18 April 1930

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Date: 18th April 1930. Place: Chittagong (Eastern Bengal).

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Leader: Surya Sen — pyaar se "Master Da" kehte the. Organization: Indian Republican Army (IRA).

⛓️

Surya Sen arrested: 16 Feb 1933. Phaansi: 12 Jan 1934.

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Women Revolutionaries: Pritilata Waddedar (raid mein maari gayi — died in action). Kalpana Dutt (Life Imprisonment).

Saunders killed 17 Dec 1928 (target was Scott!) Assembly Bomb 8 Apr 1929 = Bhagat + BK Dutt Jatin Das = 64-day hunger strike, 13 Sep 1929 Shaheed Diwas = 23 Mar 1931 (Bhagat, Sukhdev, Rajguru) Chittagong 18 Apr 1930 = Master Da Surya Sen

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Revolutionary Journals, Magazines & Books

Magazine / Book	Author / Editor	Exam Note
Yugantar	Barindra Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutt	Bengal revolutionary paper.
Bhavani Mandir	Sri Aurobindo	Revolutionary pamphlet.
Sandhya	Brahmabandhav Upadhyay	—
Bharat Mata	Ajit Singh	—
Talwar (Berlin)	Virendranath Chattopadhyay	Published from Berlin.
Free Hindustan	Taraknath Das	Started 1908, Vancouver.
Bandi Jivan	Sachindranath Sanyal	⭐ "Bible of Revolutionaries" kehte hain.
Gita Rahasya	Bal Gangadhar Tilak	Written in Mandalay Jail.
The Life Divine	Aurobindo Ghosh	—
Bande Mataram	Bipin Chandra Pal	⚠️ Trap: 'New India' = Annie Besant ka hai.
Vartaman Rananiti	Barindra Kumar Ghosh	"Present Strategy."

Bandi Jivan = "Bible of Revolutionaries" Gita Rahasya = Tilak, written in Mandalay Jail Bande Mataram = Bipin Pal (NOT Annie Besant) Talwar = Berlin — Virendranath Chattopadhyay

⚠️ Trap #1 — CPI ki 2 formation dates

CPI abroad = 17 Oct 1920, Tashkent (M.N. Roy). CPI India mein = 26 Dec 1925, Kanpur (Satyabhakta). Dono dates alag hain — question mein "where" dekho.

⚠️ Trap #2 — Saunders ka case: Target vs Actual victim

Asal target tha James Scott (lathi charge order dene wala). Lekin galti se John Saunders (Assistant SP) maara gaya. Bhagat Singh, Azad, Rajguru involve the.

⚠️ Trap #3 — Shaheed Diwas = 23 March 1931

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru ko phaansi = 23 March 1931. Chandrashekhar Azad = 27 February 1931. Dono alag dates hain.

⚠️ Trap #4 — Vitthalbhai vs Vallabhbhai Patel

Vitthalbhai Patel (bade bhai) = 1925 mein Speaker of Central Legislative Assembly. Vallabhbhai Patel (chote bhai) = "Sardar" — Bardoli Satyagraha wale. Dono bhai hain, roles alag!

⚠️ Trap #5 — Assembly Bomb mein 2 bills yaad rakho

Assembly Bomb (8 Apr 1929) ka protest tha: (1) Public Safety Bill + (2) Trade Disputes Bill. Sirf ek mat bolna — dono yaad rakho.

⚠️ Trap #6 — Bande Mataram = Bipin Pal, New India = Annie Besant

Bande Mataram journal = Bipin Chandra Pal. New India = Annie Besant. Dono confuse karte hain exam mein.

⚠️ Trap #7 — Jatin Das ki hunger strike = 64 days, 13 September

Jatin Das ne 64-day hunger strike ki — death 13 September 1929. December nahi, September. Jail mein political prisoner status ke liye.

⚠️ Trap #8 — HRA vs HSRA alag hain

HRA (1924) = Sachindranath Sanyal, Kanpur. HSRA (10 Dec 1928) = Bhagat Singh + Azad, Feroz Shah Kotla Delhi. HRA rename hokar HSRA bana — "Socialist" add hua.

⚠️ Trap #9 — AITUC ki 1st presidency

AITUC 1920 First President = Lala Lajpat Rai. INTUC 1947 First President = Vallabhbhai Patel. Dono alag unions hain.

⚠️ Trap #10 — Bandi Jivan = "Bible of Revolutionaries"

Bandi Jivan = Sachindranath Sanyal ki book — "Bible of Revolutionaries" kehte hain. Gita Rahasya = Tilak, Mandalay Jail mein likhi. Dono important books — alag hain.