Phase of National Politics (1922–29)

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Key Events — Quick Timeline 1922–31

1922 ()

Congress Council Entry proposal reject. C.R. Das quit.

Jan 1923

Swaraj Party founded — Prayagraj. C.R. Das (President) + Motilal Nehru (Secretary).

1924

HRA (Hindustan Republican Association) — Kanpur. Sachindranath Sanyal.

1925

Vitthalbhai Patel = President of Central Legislative Assembly. CPI formed in India — 26 Dec, Kanpur.

1926

Naujawan Sabha — Punjab. Bhagat Singh.

10 Dec 1928

HSRA formed — Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.

17 Nov 1928

Lala Lajpat Rai died after a police baton charge ordered by James Scott.

17 Dec 1928

Saunders assassination — Bhagat Singh, Azad, Rajguru. (Target: Scott, killed: Saunders).

8 Apr 1929

Assembly Bomb — Bhagat Singh + Batukeshwar Dutt. Public Safety Bill + Trade Disputes Bill protest.

13 Sep 1929

Jatin Das martyrdom — 64-day hunger strike in jail.

18 Apr 1930

Chittagong Armoury Raid — Surya Sen (Master Da).

23 Mar 1931

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru — Shaheed day. execution gave.

27 Feb 1931

Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park, Prayagraj, to avoid capture.

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Swaraj Party — Formation & Context

Background — Congress 1922

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President: Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das).

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Proposal: C.R. Das + Motilal Nehru — "Congress Legislative Councils in enter inside from opposition work."

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Result: The Congress rejected the proposal, so C. R. Das formed a separate party.

Swaraj Party Details

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Founded: January 1923. Place: Prayagraj (Allahabad).

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Earlier Name: Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party.

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President: C.R. Das. Secretary: Motilal Nehru.

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Objective: To enter the legislative councils, obstruct colonial governance, use budget debates and press for responsible government.

Political Dualism — 2 Factions

No-Changers

Ideology: Constructive work — schools, ashrams build. Council entry against.

Leaders: C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel

Pro-Changers (Swarajists)

Ideology: Enter the legislative councils and obstruct the government from within.

Leaders: C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Vitthalbhai Patel

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Biggest Achievement (1925): Vitthalbhai Patel became President (Speaker) of Central Legislative Assembly — Swarajists's most major victory.

Swaraj Party Jan 1923 = Prayagraj C.R. Das = President | Motilal Nehru = Secretary Vitthalbhai Patel 1925 = Speaker CLA No-Changers = Rajagopalachari + Vallabhbhai

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Trade Union Movement

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First labour leader: N. M. Lokhande, the first to raise workers' issues.

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First Modern Trade Union: Madras Labour Union (1918). Founder: B.P. Wadia.

AITUC — All India Trade Union Congress

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Established: 1920. First Session: Bombay.

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First President: Lala Lajpat Rai. Vice-President: Joseph Baptista. General Secretary: Diwan Chamanlal.

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Split 1929: Nagpur Session (presided by Jawaharlal Nehru). Reason: Communist vs Moderate approach — Leftist influence because of ideology conflict.

Other Trade Unions

Union	Founded	Key Facts
INTUC (Indian National Trade Union Congress)	May 1947	Founders: Vallabhbhai Patel + V.V. Giri. 1st President: Vallabhbhai Patel.
Hind Mazdoor Sabha	1948	By: Congress Socialists.

Madras Labour Union 1918 = B.P. Wadia (1st modern) AITUC 1920 = Lala Lajpat Rai (1st President) AITUC Split 1929 = Nehru presided Nagpur INTUC 1947 = Vallabhbhai Patel + V.V. Giri

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Communist Party of India (CPI)

Pay close attention to the dates.

Formation Abroad (First)

Date: 17th October 1920

Place: Tashkent (Uzbekistan)

Key Figure: M.N. Roy

Formation in India

Date: 26th December 1925

Place: Kanpur

Organizer: Satyabhakta (presided)

Communist Conspiracy Cases

Case	Year	Key Note
Peshawar Conspiracy Case	1922–27	—
Kanpur Conspiracy Case	1924	Muzaffar Ahmad key accused.
Meerut Conspiracy Case	1929–33	Muzaffar Ahmad key accused.

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July 1934: CPI colonial laws's under unlawful (illegal) declare.

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Split 1964: CPI → CPI (Marxist) split off.

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Associated Figures: M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmad, S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Ramcharan Lal Sharma.

CPI Abroad: 17 Oct 1920, Tashkent — M.N. Roy CPI India: 26 Dec 1925, Kanpur — Satyabhakta Illegal 1934 | Split 1964 → CPI (M) Muzaffar Ahmad = Kanpur + Meerut both cases

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HRA → HSRA — Revolutionary Organizations

HRA — Hindustan Republican Association

Founded: 1924, Kanpur

I Leader: Sachindranath Sanyal

Objective: Armed Revolution. Federal Republic of India (United States of India).

Inspired by: Irish + Russian revolutionary traditions

Publications: "The Revolutionary" (manifesto), "Philosophy of the Bomb" (Bhagwati Charan Vohra)

Members: Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Ashfaqullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh

HSRA — Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

Founded: 10 December 1928

Place: Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi

Key Leadership: Chandrashekhar Azad + Bhagat Singh

Objective: in India Socialist Republican State build

Note: HRA's name changed to HSRA — "Socialist" add occurred

Other Members: Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Sukhdev, Vijay Kumar Sinha, Shiv Kumar, Jaydev Kapoor

Naujawan Sabha

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Established: 1926, Punjab. Founder: Bhagat Singh. Objective: Youth + students political + socialist ideas from connect.

Chandrashekhar Azad — Profile

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Born: 23rd July 1906.

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role: Organizer of HSRA.

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Martyrdom: 27 February 1931 at Alfred Park, Prayagraj. While fighting the police, he shot himself to avoid capture.

HRA 1924 = Sachindranath Sanyal, Kanpur HSRA 10 Dec 1928 = Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi Azad = 27 Feb 1931, Alfred Park, Prayagraj Naujawan Sabha 1926 = Bhagat Singh

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Key Incidents — 1928–1931

Saunders Assassination — 17 Dec 1928 (Lahore)

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Background: During a protest against the Simon Commission, Superintendent of Police James Scott ordered a baton charge on Lala Lajpat Rai.

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Lalaji's death: 17th November 1928.

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Revenge, 17 December 1928: Assistant Superintendent John Saunders was killed in a case of mistaken identity; the intended target was James Scott.

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Revolutionaries: Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajguru.

Assembly Bomb Incident — 8 April 1929

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Date: 8th April 1929. Place: Central Legislative Assembly.

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Revolutionaries: Bhagat Singh + Batukeshwar Dutt.

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Protest against: (1) Public Safety Bill + (2) Trade Disputes Bill.

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Intention: "To make the deaf hear" — anyone kill not was.

Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929) & Jatin Das

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April 1929: Police raids HSRA hideouts — Kishori Lal, Sukhdev, Jai Gopal arrested.

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Jatin Das: Jail in 64-day hunger strike (political prisoner status for). Death: 13th September 1929.

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Execution (Shaheed day): 23rd March 1931. Martyrs: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru.

Chittagong Armoury Raid — 18 April 1930

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Date: 18th April 1930. Place: Chittagong (Eastern Bengal).

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Leader: Surya Sen — affection from "Master Da" called the. Organization: Indian Republican Army (IRA).

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Surya Sen arrested: 16 Feb 1933. execution: 12 Jan 1934.

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Women revolutionaries: Pritilata Waddedar died during the raid; Kalpana Dutt received life imprisonment.

Saunders killed 17 Dec 1928 (target was Scott!) Assembly Bomb 8 Apr 1929 = Bhagat + BK Dutt Jatin Das = 64-day hunger strike, 13 Sep 1929 Shaheed day = 23 Mar 1931 (Bhagat, Sukhdev, Rajguru) Chittagong 18 Apr 1930 = Master Da Surya Sen

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Revolutionary Journals, Magazines & Books

Magazine / Book	Author / Editor	Exam Note
Yugantar	Barindra Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutt	Bengal revolutionary paper.
Bhavani Mandir	Sri Aurobindo	Revolutionary pamphlet.
Sandhya	Brahmabandhav Upadhyay	—
Bharat Mata	Ajit Singh	—
Talwar (Berlin)	Virendranath Chattopadhyay	Published from Berlin.
Free Hindustan	Taraknath Das	Started 1908, Vancouver.
Bandi Jivan	Sachindranath Sanyal	⭐ "Bible of Revolutionaries" called are.
Gita Rahasya	Bal Gangadhar Tilak	Written in Mandalay Jail.
The Life Divine	Aurobindo Ghosh	—
Bande Mataram	Bipin Chandra Pal	⚠️ Trap: 'New India' = Annie Besant's is.
Vartaman Rananiti	Barindra Kumar Ghosh	"Present Strategy."

Bandi Jivan = "Bible of Revolutionaries" Gita Rahasya = Tilak, written in Mandalay Jail Bande Mataram = Bipin Pal (NOT Annie Besant) Talwar = Berlin — Virendranath Chattopadhyay

⚠️ Trap #1 — CPI's 2 formation dates

CPI abroad: 17 October 1920 at Tashkent, associated with M. N. Roy. CPI in India: 26 December 1925 at Kanpur, associated with Satyabhakta. Note the location specified in the question.

⚠️ Trap #2 — Saunders's case: Target vs Actual victim

The intended target was James Scott, who had ordered the lathi charge, but Assistant Superintendent John Saunders was killed by mistake. Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru were involved.

⚠️ Trap #3 — Shaheed day = 23 March 1931

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru execution = 23 March 1931. Chandrashekhar Azad = 27 February 1931. both different dates are.

⚠️ Trap #4 — Vitthalbhai vs Vallabhbhai Patel

Vitthalbhai Patel, the elder brother, became Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925. Vallabhbhai Patel, the younger brother, earned the title "Sardar" through the Bardoli Satyagraha. Their roles were different.

⚠️ Trap #5 — Assembly Bomb in 2 bills remember

The Assembly bombing of 8 April 1929 protested both the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill. Remember both measures.

⚠️ Trap #6 — Bande Mataram = Bipin Pal, New India = Annie Besant

Bande Mataram was associated with Bipin Chandra Pal; New India with Annie Besant. They are commonly confused in examinations.

⚠️ Trap #7 — Jatin Das's hunger strike = 64 days, 13 September

Jatin Das 64-day hunger strike's — death 13 September 1929. December not, September. Jail in political prisoner status for.

⚠️ Trap #8 — Distinguish between the HRA and HSRA

HRA (1924) = Sachindranath Sanyal, Kanpur. HSRA (10 Dec 1928) = Bhagat Singh + Azad, Feroz Shah Kotla Delhi. HRA rename and became HSRA became — "Socialist" add occurred.

⚠️ Trap #9 — AITUC's 1st presidency

AITUC 1920 First President = Lala Lajpat Rai. INTUC 1947 First President = Vallabhbhai Patel. both different unions are.

⚠️ Trap #10 — Bandi Jivan = "Bible of Revolutionaries"

Bandi Jivan, written by Sachindranath Sanyal, is called the "Bible of Revolutionaries". Tilak wrote Gita Rahasya in Mandalay Jail. These are two different important books.