Indian National Movement

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Key Events — Quick Timeline 1885–1917

1885–1905

Moderate Phase (Moderates) — Constitutional means: Prayer, Petition, Protest.

1887

Indian Reform Committee/Association founded by Dadabhai Naoroji.

1896–97

Vyayam Mandal (Poona) founded by Chapekar Brothers.

22 Jun 1897

Chapekar Brothers assassinate Rand & Lt. Ayerst.

1899

Mitra Mela founded by Veer Savarkar (Maharashtra).

1902

Anushilan Samiti founded — Calcutta, by Pramathanath Mitra.

1904

Mitra Mela renamed Abhinav Bharat.

19 Jul 1905

Partition of Bengal announced — Viceroy Lord Curzon.

7 Aug 1905

Swadeshi Movement starts — Calcutta Town Hall. Boycott Resolution passed.

16 Oct 1905

Partition effective. Day of Mourning + Rakhi Day (Tagore). Dhaka Anushilan Samiti followed in 1906.

Dec 1905

Congress Session, Banaras — President Gokhale. Swadeshi Resolution adopted.

1906

Yugantar magazine launched. Bharat Mata Society founded (Punjab).

1907

Madam Cama unfurls an early independence flag — Stuttgart, Germany.

30 Apr 1908

Muzaffarpur Bomb Case — Khudiram Bose & Prafulla Chaki. Alipore Conspiracy Case begins.

1909

Madan Lal Dhingra kills Curzon Wyllie (London). Nasik Conspiracy — Jackson killed by Kanhere.

1911

Delhi Durbar (12 Dec) — Partition cancelled, capital shift to Delhi announced.

1913

Ghadar founded in 1913 — Astoria, Oregon; HQ San Francisco.

1914

Komagata Maru incident — Vancouver & Budge Budge.

Apr–Sep 1916

Home Rule Leagues — Tilak (Pune, Apr) & Annie Besant (Madras, Sep).

1917

Annie Besant becomes first female President of INC — Calcutta Session.

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Moderate Phase (Moderates's era)

Time Period & Aim

📅

Time Period: 1885 – 1905.

🎯

Aim: To place their demands before the government through constitutional means.

Methods — The 3 Ps

🙏

Prayer (Prarthana).

📜

Petition (petition).

✊

Protest (opposition).

🛠️

Other Tools: Reports, Memorandums, Delegations.

I Leaders

Dadabhai Naoroji

Founded Indian Reform Committee/Association (1887).

Pherozeshah Mehta

Mahadev Govind Ranade

Surendranath Banerjee

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

President — Congress Session 1905 (Banaras).

Important Committees by Moderates

🏢

Indian Reform Committee / Association (1887): Established by Dadabhai Naoroji.

🇬🇧

British Committee (1889): Started publication of 'India' magazine from 1890.

Congress Session, 1905 (Banaras)

👤

President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

📋

Events: supported anti-partition agitation and Swadeshi; accepted boycott in Bengal.

⚡

Turning Point: Differences between Extremists and Moderates became prominent here — "here from split appear began."

3 Ps: Prayer, Petition, Protest Indian Reform Committee 1887 = Dadabhai Naoroji British Committee 1889 → 'India' magazine (1890) Banaras 1905 = Gokhale; differences sharpened, formal split 1907

🔥

Partition of Bengal & Swadeshi Movement (1905)

Partition Basics

👑

Viceroy: Lord Curzon (Policy: Divide and Rule).

19 Jul 1905

Partition's Announcement occurred.

7 Aug 1905

Isin protest against Swadeshi Movement start occurred (Calcutta Town Hall in). Boycott Resolution passed.

16 Oct 1905

Partition effective (effective) was completed.

1911

Partition cancelled — Lord Hardinge II during the tenure of on.

Reactions on 16th October

😔

Day of Mourning: It was observed throughout Bengal.

🎗️

Rakhi Day: At Rabindranath Tagore's suggestion, people tied rakhis to demonstrate unity.

Nature of Partition (Basis)

Eastern Bengal

Muslim Majority.

Western Bengal

Hindu Majority.

Expansion — Constructive Swadeshi (Education)

🏫

Rangpur National School: Established 8 Nov 1905.

🏫

Bengal National College & School: Established 14 Aug 1906. First Principal: Aurobindo Ghosh.

👩

Participation: women became more visibly involved in meetings, protests and Swadeshi activities; women’s political participation already existed.

Swadeshi & Boycott — Leadership & Naming

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Declaration: 7th August 1905 (Calcutta Town Hall).

📛

Other Name: Andhra Pradesh in it 'Vande Mataram Movement' was called.

🔀

Conceptual Note: Movement gradually shifted from Moderate leadership to Extremist leadership after 1905.

Region	Leader
Delhi	Syed Haider Raza
Madras	V.O. Chidambaram Pillai
Bombay & Poona	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Punjab	Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh

⚔️

Extremist Phase (Extremists)

📅

Time Period: Ideological roots late 19th century were in, on active phase 1905–1908 in peak on was.

💭

Ideology: They criticised Moderate policies and emphasised New Nationalism.

Demands

🗽

Swaraj: Tilak's famous slogan — "Swaraj is my birthright" (Swaraj mera birthright right is).

🚩

Political Independence: Aurobindo Ghosh demanded.

Leadership — Lal-Bal-Pal

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Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal — Lal-Bal-Pal.

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Profile: Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856–1920)

"Most Important" Personality for exams

Key Point	Details
Title	Lokmanya
Magazines (1881)	Maratha (English), Kesari (Marathi)
Festivals	Started to unite people: Ganapati Festival (1893), Shivaji Festival (1895)
Institutions	Founder of Fergusson College
Book	Gita Rahasya
Jail (1897)	Convicted on charges of Sedition (Rajdroh) through his writings (indirectly supporting Chapekar brothers)

Curzon = Divide & Rule, Partition 19 Jul 1905 16 Oct 1905 = Day of Mourning + Rakhi Day Tilak: Kesari (Marathi) + Maratha (English) Ganapati Fest. 1893, Shivaji Fest. 1895

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Revolutionary Activities — Origin & Spread

📍

Beginning: beginning Maharashtra from occurred — first centre of Nationalist Revolutionaries.

🗺️

Spread: Maximum spread Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab in seen was obtained.

Vyayam Mandal (1896–97, Poona)

👥

Founders: Chapekar Brothers — Damodar Hari Chapekar & Balkrishna Hari Chapekar.

🎯

Objective: To train young people in gymnastics and the use of arms for resistance against the government.

🔫

Assassination: Plague Commissioner Mr. Rand Lieutenant Ayerst — by Chapekar Brothers, 22nd June 1897. One of the earliest significant political assassinations of British officials in India.

Mitra Mela & Abhinav Bharat (Maharashtra)

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Mitra Mela: Established 1899 CE by Veer Savarkar (Vinayak Damodar Savarkar).

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Evolution: Mitra Mela was renamed Abhinav Bharat in 1904. Its founders were Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Ganesh Damodar Savarkar.

🇮🇹

Inspiration: Mazzini's 'Young Italy' movement from inspired was.

Nasik Conspiracy Case (1909)

📅

Date: 21 December 1909. District Magistrate Jackson was assassinated at Nasik.

🔫

Assassin: Anant Laxman Kanhere shot him.

⚖️

Punishment: Kanhere was executed on 19 April 1910. V. D. Savarkar received life imprisonment in the Cellular Jail for involvement in the conspiracy.

🩸

Revolutionary Movement in Bengal

📍

Origin: in Bengal revolution's beginning educated Bhadralok middle class (students and youth) from occurred.

📰

Key Magazine: 1906 in 'Yugantar' publish occurred, who revolution ideas spread.

👥

I Leaders: Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutt, Aurobindo Ghosh.

Major Samitis (Organizations) in Bengal

Anushilan Samiti

Est. 1902, Calcutta

Founder: Pramathanath Mitra (P. Mitra).

Associates: Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutt, Aurobindo Ghosh, C.R. Das.

Objective: "Blood for Blood" (blood's changed blood). Sister Nivedita — prominent supporter (ideology & education).

Dhaka Anushilan Samiti

Est. 1906, Dhaka

Founder: Pulin Das (inspired by P. Mitra).

Head Office: Dhaka.

Reach: extensive network in eastern Bengal.

Atmonnati Samiti

Calcutta

Founder: Bipin Bihari Ganguly.

Important Book

📕

Bhavani Mandir — written by Aurobindo Ghose; revolutionary inspiration.

💥

Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (1908)

Exam Favorite Topic

🎯

Target: D. H. Kingsford, the Muzaffarpur judge notorious for imposing severe sentences.

👥

Revolutionaries: Khudiram Bose & Prafulla Chaki.

💥

Outcome: The bomb mistakenly struck the Kennedys' carriage; Kingsford survived.

☠️

Prafulla Chaki shot himself to avoid capture.

⛓️

Khudiram Bose — executed 11 August 1908, aged about 18 years 8 months; one of the youngest revolutionaries executed.

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Alipore Conspiracy Case (1908)

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Reason: investigation after the Muzaffarpur bombing and raids on the Maniktala garden premises.

🗣️

Approver: Narendra Gosain became a government witness.

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The killing: Kanailal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose jointly killed Narendra Gosain inside the jail.

Aurobindo Ghosh — After the Case

⚖️

Verdict: evidence's lack (lack of evidence)'s because were acquitted.

🧘

Later life: He left politics and adopted a spiritual life of renunciation.

🏛️

Ashram: Sri Aurobindo Ashram (Puducherry) — established 1926.

📰

Newspaper: 'Karmayogin' (1909).

Muzaffarpur: Khudiram hanged, Chaki suicide Alipore: Maniktala raids, Gosain killed as approver Aurobindo acquitted → renunciation → Karmayogin (1909) Anushilan Samiti (Calcutta) vs Dhaka Anushilan Samiti

🇮🇳

Bharat Mata Society (1906)

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Region: Punjab / North India.

👥

Associated Leaders: Lala Hardayal, Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh's chacha), Sufi Amba Prasad, Lala Lajpat Rai.

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Journal: 'Bharat Mata'.

🌍

Revolutionary Movement Abroad

① India Home Rule Society (London)

📅

Established: 1905 CE by Shyamji Krishna Varma.

🏠

Centre: India House (meeting place for revolutionaries). Magazine: 'The Indian Sociologist'.

🔫

Major Incident (1909): Madan Lal Dhingra in London Curzon Wyllie's assassinated.

② Paris India Society (Paris)

📅

Established: 1905 CE.

👥

Founders: Madam Bhikaji Cama, S.R. Rana, M.B. Godrej.

🎌

Historic Event (1907): Madam Cama Stuttgart (Germany) in International Socialist in the Congress participation took — an early Indian independence flag unfurled.

👑

Title: "Mother of Indian Revolution".

③ Ghadar Party (USA)

📅

Established: 1913, founding meeting at Astoria, Oregon; headquarters San Francisco.

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Leading organiser: Lala Hardayal; first President: Sohan Singh Bhakna.

📰

Magazine: 'Ghadar' — Languages: Urdu, Punjabi, Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati.

United India House

📅

Establishment: 1910 CE. Location: Seattle (America).

👥

Founders: Tarakhnath Das, G.D. Kumar.

📰

Associated Magazine: 'Free Hindustan' — started 1908 in Vancouver (Canada), before United India House was formed.

🚢

Komagata Maru Incident (1914)

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The ship: Komagata Maru, chartered by Gurdit Singh.

👥

Passengers: 376 — 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims and 12 Hindus.

🚫

Incident: Canadian authorities denied the ship entry at Vancouver.

↩️

Return: The ship returned to Budge Budge near Calcutta.

☠️

Tragedy: police firing at Budge Budge killed 19 passengers; many others were detained.

India House (London) = Shyamji Krishna Varma Paris India Society = Madam Cama, S.R. Rana Ghadar 1913 = SF headquarters; Har Dayal, leading organiser Komagata Maru = Gurdit Singh, 376 passengers

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Delhi Durbar, 1911

📅

Date: 12th December 1911. Place: Delhi.

🎉

Occasion: Welcome of King George V and Queen Mary (British Empress).

👤

Viceroy: Lord Hardinge II.

Key Announcements

1️⃣

Cancellation of Bengal Partition: Bengal partition was annulled.

2️⃣

Capital Shift: India's capital Calcutta from Delhi shift to do's was announced.

📌

Note: The change was announced in 1911, while Delhi officially became the capital in 1912.

🏛️

Home Rule Movement

🇮🇪

Inspiration: Home Rule League in Ireland — Leader in Ireland: Redmond.

🔀

in India 2 Leagues was: Tilak's League (April 1916) & Annie Besant's League (September 1916).

A. Tilak's Home Rule League

Established: April 1916, Belgaum; headquarters Pune.

Headquarters: Pune (Poona).

First President: Joseph Baptista.

First Secretary: N.C. Kelkar.

Objective: To obtain responsible government while remaining within the British Empire.

Area: Karnataka, Central Provinces (CP), Berar, Maharashtra (except Bombay City).

B. Annie Besant's All India Home Rule League

Established: September 1916.

Headquarters: Madras (Adyar).

Founder: Annie Besant. Secretary: George Arundale.

Objective: Self-Government (Swashasan).

Area: Rest of India — includes Bombay City.

Key Members: Subramania Iyer, Motilal Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru.

👤

Profile: Annie Besant

Exam Favorite Facts

Key Point	Details
Origin	Born in London, England; associated with Irish Home Rule
Newspapers	Commonweal (Weekly), New India (Daily)
Congress role	First Female President of INC in 1917 (Calcutta Session)

Tilak's League: Pune HQ, no Bombay City Besant's League: Madras HQ, includes Bombay City Delhi Durbar 1911 = announcement; capital official 1912 Annie Besant = New India; Bipin Pal = Bande Mataram

⚠️ Trap #1 — Partition of Bengal: 3 dates

The Partition of Bengal was announced on 19 July 1905, took effect on 16 October 1905, and was annulled in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar under Lord Hardinge II. These are three different dates.

⚠️ Trap #2 — 16 October 1905's double reaction

On the same date, a Day of Mourning and Tagore's Rakhi Day for unity were both observed.

⚠️ Trap #3 — Mitra Mela vs Abhinav Bharat

Mitra Mela, associated with V.D. Savarkar, was reorganised as Abhinav Bharat in 1904, with V.D. and Ganesh Savarkar associated with it.

⚠️ Trap #4 — Anushilan Samiti vs Dhaka Anushilan Samiti

Calcutta Anushilan (1902) = P. Mitra and associates. Dhaka Anushilan (1906) = Pulin Behari Das, headquartered at Dhaka with an extensive eastern Bengal network.

⚠️ Trap #5 — Muzaffarpur Bomb Case: Target vs Victim

The intended target was Judge D. H. Kingsford, but the bomb mistakenly struck the Kennedys' carriage and Kingsford survived. Khudiram Bose was executed; Prafulla Chaki shot himself.

⚠️ Trap #6 — Nasik Conspiracy vs Alipore Conspiracy

Nasik Conspiracy (1909): Jackson was assassinated by Anant Laxman Kanhere; Savarkar was implicated. Alipore Conspiracy (1908): Arrests followed the Muzaffarpur bombing; Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted, while Kanailal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose killed approver Narendra Gosain in jail. These were separate cases.

⚠️ Trap #7 — Tilak's League vs Annie Besant's League (Bombay City)

Tilak's Home Rule League, headquartered at Pune, covered Maharashtra except Bombay City. Bombay City belonged to the area of Annie Besant's All India Home Rule League, headquartered at Madras. This distinction is frequently tested.

⚠️ Trap #8 — Delhi Durbar announcement vs official capital shift

The transfer of the capital was announced at the Delhi Durbar in 1911, while Delhi officially became the capital in 1912. Do not treat them as the same year.

⚠️ Trap #9 — India House (London) vs Paris India Society

India Home Rule Society/India House (London, 1905) = Shyamji Krishna Varma, magazine 'The Indian Sociologist', Madan Lal Dhingra here from inspire and became Curzon Wyllie killed. Paris India Society (1905) = Madam Cama, S.R. Rana, M.B. Godrej — Stuttgart 1907 in hoisted the tricolour. Do different countries, different founders.

⚠️ Trap #10 — Ghadar Party: Founder vs President

Ghadar (1913): founding meeting at Astoria; HQ San Francisco. Har Dayal was a leading organiser; Sohan Singh Bhakna was first president.