Gandhian Era — First Phase

📊

First Phase — Quick Timeline

1915–1922

9 Jan 1915

Gandhi ji India wapas aaye (South Africa se). Pravasi Bharatiya Divas isi din manate hain.

1917

Champaran Satyagraha — First Civil Disobedience. Bihar. Tinkathia system khatam.

1918

Ahmedabad Mill Workers — First Hunger Strike. 35% bonus mila.
Kheda Satyagraha — Revenue non-payment. Sardar Patel involved.

18 Mar 1919

Rowlatt Act passed — "Black Act." No dalil, no vakil, no appeal.

13 Apr 1919

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre — General Dyer. 1919 Baisakhi day. Amritsar.

Nov 1919

All India Khilafat Conference — Delhi. Gandhi president.

1 Aug 1920

Non-Cooperation Movement starts. Isi din Tilak ki death.

4 Feb 1922

Chauri-Chaura Incident — 22 police killed. Gorakhpur, UP.

12 Feb 1922

Bardoli Resolution — Gandhi ji ne NCM waapis liya. Chauri-Chaura ki wajah se.

👤

Mahatma Gandhi — Personal Profile

Category	Details
Birth	2nd October 1869, Porbandar, Gujarat
Father	Karamchand Gandhi
Wife	Kasturba Gandhi
Profession	Vakeel (Barrister from England)
South Africa	1893 mein gaye — Dada Abdullah ke request par
Insult (South Africa)	Pietermaritzburg Station par train se utaar diya gaya
India Wapsi	9 January 1915 — Pravasi Bharatiya Divas isi din manate hain
Political Guru	Gopal Krishna Gokhale — Advice: "1 saal tour karo, desh samjho"
Title (1915)	Kaiser-e-Hind — British war efforts ke liye (WWI)
UNESCO Honor	2nd Oct = International Non-Violence Day (Ahimsa Divas)

Institutions & Ashrams (Chronology)

1894

Natal Indian Congress — South Africa.

1904

Phoenix Ashram — South Africa.

1910

Tolstoy Farm — South Africa.

1915

Satyagraha Ashram pehle Kochrab, Ahmedabad mein.

1917

Ashram shift hua → Sabarmati River ke kinare (Famous as Sabarmati Ashram).

Magazines

Indian Opinion (South Africa) Young India (India) Harijan Navjivan

✊

Three Early Satyagrahas — 1917–1918

Champaran Satyagraha

1917 | Bihar

Nature: First Civil Disobedience (Pehla Savinay Avagya)

Bulaya kisne? Rajkumar Shukla (Lucknow Session 1916 mein mile)

Team: Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kripalani, Mahadev Desai, Anugrah Narayan Sinha

Result: Champaran Agrarian Act (1918). Tinkathia System khatam (3/20th land par neel ki kheti).
Title "Mahatma": Rabindranath Tagore ne safalta ke baad diya.
Opposition: N.G. Ranga ne virodh kiya.

Ahmedabad Mill Workers

1918 | Ahmedabad

Mudda (Issue): Plague Bonus

Weapon: First Hunger Strike (Pehli baar Bhookh Hadtaal)

Mill Owner: Ambalal Sarabhai

Supporter: Anusuya Sarabhai (Ambalal ki behen — Gandhi ji ka saath diya)

Result: Workers ko 35% Bonus mila.

Kheda Satyagraha

1918 | Gujarat

Significance: Gandhi ji ka Pehla Asahyog Prayog (precursor to NCM)

Issue: Govt ne fasal failure pe revenue maaf karne se mana kiya. Rule: crop yield <25% ho toh revenue maaf chahiye.

Associates: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (invited Gandhi), Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, Ravi Shankar Vyas

Significance: Revenue non-payment ka pehla experiment.

Champaran 1917 = 1st Civil Disobedience Ahmedabad 1918 = 1st Hunger Strike Kheda 1918 = 1st Non-cooperation experiment "Mahatma" title = Rabindranath Tagore (post-Champaran)

⚖️

Rowlatt Act — 1919

Official Name: Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919

📌

Committee: Sidney Rowlatt ki chairmanship mein 1917 mein bani.

🖤

Called: "Black Act" (Kaala Kanoon).

📢

Slogan: "No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal" — bina lawyer, bina appeal, bina argument.

🎯

Objective: Bina trial ke krantikari activities ko kuchalna.

Timeline

Feb 1919

Bill Legislative Council mein aaya.

18 Mar 1919

Act pass ho gaya.

6 Apr 1919

Gandhi ji ne Nationwide Protest (Deshvyapi Hartal) ki call di.

9 Apr 1919

Punjab leaders Dr. Satyapal + Saifuddin Kichlew arrest ho gaye → violence badhi → Punjab mein Martial Law laga.

Resignations in Protest

✍️

Central Legislature se resign kiya: Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mazharul Haq, Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

🕯️

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre — 13 April 1919

Baisakhi ka din | Amritsar, Punjab

📅

Date: 13th April 1919 (Baisakhi). Place: Amritsar, Punjab.

📋

Sequence: 10 April — protest + police firing. 13 April — peaceful gathering (Satyapal + Kichlew ki arrest ke virodh mein). General Dyer ne bina warning ke firing karwayi.

⚔️

Revenge: Udham Singh ne 1940 mein London jakar Michael O'Dwyer ki hatya kar di.

Reactions to Massacre

Person	Reaction / Action
Rabindranath Tagore	Returned his 'Knighthood' (Sir) title.
Mahatma Gandhi	Surrendered his 'Kaiser-i-Hind' title.
Shankaran Nair	Resigned from Viceroy's Executive Council — Most Imp MCQ!
C.F. Andrews	Termed it "Deliberate Brutal Murder".
British Reaction	Punjab ke Lt. Governor Michael O'Dwyer ko "Lion of the British Empire" kaha gaya.

Hunter Committee — Inquiry

👤

Chairman: Lord William Hunter. Total 8 members — 5 British + 3 Indian.

🇮🇳

Indian Members: Chimanlal Setalvad, Pandit Jagat Narayan, Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan.

🇬🇧

British Members: W.F. Rice, George Barrow, G.C. Rankin.

❌

Result: Report ne Dyer ka action 'inhuman' bataya — par koi action nahi liya. Gandhi ji ne process ko "White-washing Bill" kaha.

13 Apr 1919 = Baisakhi + Massacre Tagore = returned Knighthood Shankaran Nair = resigned from Viceroy's Council Udham Singh = 1940 O'Dwyer killed

☪️

Khilafat Movement — 1919

🌍

Core Issue: WWI ke baad Treaty of Sèvres (1920) se Turkey ka vibhajan + Caliph (Khalifa) ka pad khatam karna.

👥

Ali Brothers: Muhammad Ali + Shaukat Ali.

👥

Other Leaders: Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad.

🏛️

All India Khilafat Conference: November 1919, Delhi. President: Mahatma Gandhi (Hindu-Muslim unity ka sunehra mauka maana).

📅

Khilafat Day: 31st August 1920.

🔚

End (1924): Mustafa Kemal Pasha ke Turkey mein reforms lane ke baad movement khatam.

Ali Brothers = Muhammad Ali + Shaukat Ali Khilafat Day = 31 Aug 1920 End 1924 = Mustafa Kemal Pasha reforms Gandhi = President of All India Khilafat Conference

🤝

Non-Cooperation Movement — 1920–22

Gandhi ji ka Pehla Mass Movement

Tale of Two Sessions

Calcutta Special Session (Sep 1920)

President: Lala Lajpat Rai

Agenda: Gandhi ji ne proposal rakha (Proposed)

C.R. Das: Proposal ka virodh (oppose) kiya

Outcome: Proposal narrowly pass hua

Nagpur Annual Session (Dec 1920)

President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar

Agenda: Proposal ko Final Approval mila

C.R. Das: Resolution himself move kiya (support)

Outcome: 15-member Congress Working Committee (CWC) bani

Movement Details

📅

Start Date: 1st August 1920. Isi subah Bal Gangadhar Tilak ki death ho gayi.

💰

Tilak Swaraj Fund (1921): Movement ko finance karna. Sirf 6 mahine mein 1 Crore rupaye jama ho gaye.

👥

Participation: Middle class, Business class, Kisaan, Students, Women.

🕌

Significance: Hindu-Muslim Unity ek nayi height par pahunchi.

🌍

Spread: Punjab, Madras Presidency (Andhra + Guntur), Malabar, Assam.

1 Aug 1920 = NCM start + Tilak death C.R. Das = Calcutta oppose → Nagpur support Tilak Swaraj Fund 1921 = 1 Crore in 6 months CWC = 15 members bani Nagpur 1920

🔥

Chauri-Chaura Incident & NCM Suspension

The Incident

📅

Date: 4th February 1922.

📍

Place: Chauri-Chaura, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.

👤

Key Local Figure: Bhagwan Ahir — inki pitayi ke virodh mein bheed ikhaati hui.

🔥

Incident: Police vs local logon jhadan → Bheed ne police station mein aag laga di.

💀

Result: 22 Policemen zinda jal gaye (died).

Suspension of NCM

📅

Announcement Date: 12th February 1922.

📍

Place: Bardoli (Gujarat) → called "Bardoli Resolution."

⚖️

Reason: Chauri-Chaura violence. Gandhi ji hinsa ke sakht khilaf the.

Consequences for Gandhi Ji

⛓️

Arrested: 10th March 1922.

⚖️

Sentenced: 18th March 1922 — 6 saal ki saza.

🏥

Release: Health kharab hone ki wajah se February 1924 mein chhod diya gaya.

Famous Quotes on NCM Suspension

Mahatma Gandhi

"Himalayan Blunder" — Chauri-Chaura ke baad NCM wapas lene ke context mein apni galti ke baare mein kaha.

Subhash Chandra Bose

"National Calamity" (Rashtriya Vipda) — NCM wapas lene ko kaha. (Bahut baar poocha gaya hai!)

Other Contemporary Movements

Movement	Year	Region / Note
Guru ka Bagh Satyagraha	1922–23	Punjab
Flag Satyagraha (Jhanda Satyagraha)	1923	Nagpur
Borsad Satyagraha	1923	Gujarat
Tarakeshwar Satyagraha	1924	Bengal
Vaikom Satyagraha	1924–25	Kerala — Temple Entry Movement

4 Feb 1922 = Chauri-Chaura (22 police) 12 Feb 1922 = Bardoli Resolution = NCM waapis Bose = "National Calamity" Gandhi arrested 10 Mar, sentenced 18 Mar 1922

⚠️ Trap #1 — Pravasi Bharatiya Divas = 9 January

Gandhi ji India wapas aaye 9 January 1915 ko[cite: 3]. Isi din Pravasi Bharatiya Divas manate hain[cite: 3]. South Africa se wapsi thi — pehli baar nahi aaye the[cite: 3].

⚠️ Trap #2 — "Mahatma" title kisne diya?

Rabindranath Tagore ne Champaran Satyagraha ki safalta ke baad "Mahatma" title diya[cite: 3]. Gokhale ne nahi — woh Gandhi ke political guru the[cite: 3].

⚠️ Trap #3 — Indian Women's Association = Annie Besant, Gandhi nahi

Indian Women's Association (1917) = Annie Besant + Margaret Cousins ne banaya. Gandhi ji ne nahi. Common confusion hai kyunki 1917 Champaran ka saal bhi hai.

⚠️ Trap #4 — Shankaran Nair — most important MCQ

Jallianwala Bagh ke baad Shankaran Nair ne Viceroy's Executive Council se resign kiya[cite: 3]. Tagore ne Knighthood lautayi, Gandhi ne Kaiser-i-Hind lautaya — alag-alag reactions yaad rakho[cite: 3].

⚠️ Trap #5 — C.R. Das pehle oppose, phir support

C.R. Das ne Calcutta Session 1920 mein NCM proposal ka virodh kiya[cite: 3]. Lekin Nagpur Session 1920 mein resolution khud move kiya (support)[cite: 3]. Dono sessions mein alag role tha!

⚠️ Trap #6 — "Himalayan Blunder" context

"Himalayan Blunder" = Gandhi ji ne Chauri-Chaura ki ghatna ke context mein NCM wapas lete waqt kaha[cite: 3]. "National Calamity" = Subhash Chandra Bose ne NCM waapis lene ko kaha[cite: 3].

⚠️ Trap #7 — NCM start date = Tilak death date

NCM 1 August 1920 se shuru hua — aur isi din subah Bal Gangadhar Tilak ki death ho gayi[cite: 3]. Yeh coincidence bahut poochha jata hai.

⚠️ Trap #8 — Rowlatt Act resignations

Rowlatt Act ke virodh mein resign kiya: Madan Mohan Malaviya + Mazharul Haq + Mohammad Ali Jinnah[cite: 3]. Teeno Central Legislature se resign kiye — Viceroy Council se nahi.

⚠️ Trap #9 — Khilafat end = Mustafa Kemal Pasha 1924

Khilafat Movement 1919 mein shuru hua — 1924 mein khatam hua jab Mustafa Kemal Pasha ne Turkey mein reforms laaye (Caliphate abolish ki)[cite: 3]. Turkish reforms = Khilafat ka end.

⚠️ Trap #10 — Champaran ka "Bulaya kisne"

Gandhi ji ko Champaran bulaya Rajkumar Shukla ne — Lucknow Session 1916 mein mile the[cite: 3]. Team mein Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kripalani, Mahadev Desai the[cite: 3]. Rajkumar Shukla leader nahi — bas bulane wala tha.