BPSC / BSSC — Modern History

Chapter 22: Rise of the Sikhs

10 Gurus · Dal Khalsa · Maharaja Ranjit Singh · Anglo-Sikh Wars
⭐ High Weightage 🙏 10 Sikh Gurus 👑 Ranjit Singh ⚠️ 6 Exam Traps
Guru 1–5 — Key Facts
1Guru Nanak Dev Ji
1469–1539 CE
  • Founder of Sikhism
  • Born: Talwandi (Nankana Sahib, Pakistan) | Death: Kartarpur
  • Father: Kalu | Mother: Tripta Devi | Wife: Sulakhni Devi
  • Sons: Shri Chand, Lakshmi Chand
  • Knowledge on banks of: Kali Bein River
  • Founded: Sangat (congregation) + Pangat/Langar (community kitchen)
  • Philosophy: Monotheism
  • Teachings in: Guru Granth Sahib (Nanakavani)
  • Famous hymns: Japji, Sohila, Rehras
2Guru Angad Dev Ji (Lehna)
1539–1552 CE
  • Initiated the Gurmukhi script
  • Regularised the Langar system
3Guru Amar Das Ji
1552–1574 CE
  • Preached on family life
  • Contemporary of Akbar
  • Received 500 bigha land from Akbar
4Guru Ram Das Ji
1574–1581 CE
  • Founded Amritsar city
  • Made Guru position hereditary
5Guru Arjan Dev Ji
1581–1606 CE
  • Founded Tarn Taran town
  • Compiled Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib)
  • Constructed Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar sarovar
  • Encouraged 1/10th earnings contribution (Dasvandh)
  • Executed by Jahangir in 1606 CE (for supporting Khusrau's revolt)
Guru 6–10 — Key Facts
6Guru Hargobind Ji
1606–1644 CE
  • Built fortifications of Amritsar
  • Encouraged contribution in form of arms and horses
  • Constructed Akal Takht (1609 CE)
  • Founded Kiratpur town in Kashmir
  • Introduced Nagada (Drum) playing tradition in court
7Guru Har Rai Ji
1644–1661 CE
  • Supported Dara Shikoh
  • Contemporary of Aurangzeb
8Guru Harkrishan Ji
1661–1664 CE
  • Conflict with Bhai Ram Rai over succession
  • Contemporary of Aurangzeb
  • Youngest Guru — became guru at age 5
9Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
1664–1675 CE
  • Known as Baba of Bakala
  • Only elected Sikh Guru
  • Executed by Aurangzeb — for refusing to accept Islam
10⭐ Guru Gobind Singh Ji
1675–1708 CE
  • Tenth and last Sikh Guru
  • Born in Patna | Died in Nanded
  • Founded Khalsa Panth (1699 CE)
  • Started Pahul tradition
  • Title: Sachcha Padshah
  • Autobiography: Bachitra Natak (Vichitra Natak)
Panj Kakar (5 K's)
KKesh
KKangha
KKara
KKachha
KKirpan
All 10 Gurus — Quick Reference
# Guru Period Key Fact
1 Guru Nanak 1469–1539 Founder; Sangat; Langar; Gurmukhi
2 Guru Angad Dev 1539–1552 Gurmukhi script; Langar regularised
3 Guru Amar Das 1552–1574 Contemporary Akbar; 500 bigha land
4 Guru Ram Das 1574–1581 Founded Amritsar; Hereditary Guru
5 Guru Arjan Dev 1581–1606 Adi Granth; Harmandir Sahib; Executed by Jahangir
6 Guru Hargobind 1606–1644 Akal Takht; Nagada; Arms contribution
7 Guru Har Rai 1644–1661 Supported Dara Shikoh
8 Guru Harkrishan 1661–1664 Youngest Guru; Succession conflict
9 Guru Tegh Bahadur 1664–1675 Only elected Guru; Executed by Aurangzeb
10 Guru Gobind Singh 1675–1708 Khalsa Panth (1699); 5 K's; Born Patna
After Guru Gobind Singh — Banda Bahadur
Dal Khalsa (1748 CE)
Established
1748 CE
Leader
Kapoor Singh
Under leadership of
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Divided into
12 independent Misls
Key Misls
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1792–1839 CE)
Born
13 November 1780 CE
Father
Maha Singh (Chief, Sukerchakia Misl)
Chief of Misl at
Age 12
Lahore captured
1799 CE
Amritsar captured
1802 CE
Political Capital
Lahore
Cultural Capital
Amritsar
Treaty of Amritsar (1809 CE)
Ranjit Singh's Achievements
2 Anglo-Sikh Wars
War Period Ruler Governor-General Treaty Key Fact
First Anglo-Sikh War 1845–46 Duleep Singh (Wazir: Lal Singh; Commander: Teja Singh) Lord Hardinge Treaty of Lahore (1846) Duleep Singh recognized as Maharaja by British
Second Anglo-Sikh War 1848–49 Duleep Singh Lord Dalhousie Treaty of Amritsar British acquired Kohinoor diamond. Duleep Singh became a pensioner.
3 Battles of Second Anglo-Sikh War
Battle Year
Battle of Ramnagar 1848 CE
Battle of Chillianwala 1849 CE
Battle of Gujrat 1849 CE
War — Quick Match
1st Anglo-Sikh War — Governor-General?
Lord Hardinge → Treaty of Lahore (1846)
2nd Anglo-Sikh War — Governor-General?
Lord Dalhousie → Kohinoor taken
Treaty of Amritsar (1809) — between whom?
Ranjit Singh + Charles Metcalfe (Boundary: Sutlej River)
⚠️ Exam Traps
Trap #1 — Guru Arjan Dev — Executed by Whom?

Jahangir executed Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru, in 1606 CE. Aurangzeb executed Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru. Keep the two events separate.

Trap #2 — Who Developed the Gurmukhi Script?

Guru Angad Dev Ji, the second Guru, developed the Gurmukhi script, not Guru Nanak. Guru Nanak founded Sikhism; the script was standardized later.

Trap #3 — Amritsar City Founded by?

Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth Guru, founded the city of Amritsar. Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Guru, built Harmandir Sahib or the Golden Temple. The city and temple had different founders.

Trap #4 — Only Elected Guru

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, the ninth Guru, was the only elected Sikh Guru; the others were hereditary successors or appointed. The succession became hereditary from Guru Ram Das, the fourth Guru.

Trap #5 — Khalsa Panth Year

Khalsa Panth was founded by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru, in 1699 CE. Dal Khalsa was established by Kapoor Singh in 1748 CE. They were different institutions.

Trap #6 — 2 Treaties Named "Treaty of Amritsar"

Treaty of Amritsar (1809) = Ranjit Singh and Charles Metcalfe; it fixed the Sutlej boundary. The settlement after the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) involved the British acquisition of the Kohinoor. Distinguish the contexts by their dates.

⚡ Quick Recall Cards
Guru Firsts
Sikhism founder?
Guru Nanak (1st Guru)
Gurmukhi script?
Guru Angad Dev Ji (2nd)
Amritsar city?
Guru Ram Das Ji (4th)
Hereditary Guru position?
Guru Ram Das Ji (4th)
Who compiled the Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib)?
Guru Arjan Dev Ji (5th)
Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple)?
Guru Arjan Dev Ji (5th)
Akal Takht (1609)?
Guru Hargobind Ji (6th)
Khalsa Panth (1699)?
Guru Gobind Singh Ji (10th)
Executions
Guru Arjan Dev — executed by?
Jahangir (1606 CE)
Guru Tegh Bahadur — executed by?
Aurangzeb (refused Islam)
Banda Bahadur — executed by?
Farrukhsiyar (1716 CE)
Guru Nanak — Biography
Born where?
Talwandi (Nankana Sahib, Pakistan)
Died where?
Kartarpur
Where did Guru Nanak attain enlightenment?
Banks of Kali Bein River
Sons?
Shri Chand + Lakshmi Chand
Famous hymns?
Japji, Sohila, Rehras
5 K's of Sikhism
Panj Kakar = ?
Kesh · Kangha · Kara · Kachha · Kirpan
Founded by?
Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1699 CE)
Dal Khalsa & Ranjit Singh
When was Dal Khalsa established?
1748 CE — Leader: Kapoor Singh
Most powerful Misl?
Bhangi Misl
Ranjit Singh's Misl?
Sukerchakia Misl
Treaty of Amritsar 1809 — British representative?
Charles Metcalfe
The Sutlej River formed the boundary between which territories?
Ranjit Singh + British (Treaty of Amritsar 1809)
After which war did the British acquire the Kohinoor?
2nd Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) — Lord Dalhousie
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