Industrial History · Policies · Ratna Status · IIP · EPZ/SEZ · Schemes — BPSC / BSSC
Industrial share in GDP was just 13% in 1950–51. Modernisation of the economy and increase in employment come via the industrial sector.
| Sector | Description |
|---|---|
| Public Sector | Managed, controlled, operated by the government |
| Joint Sector | Government + Private partnership |
| Private Sector | Ownership, control, management by a firm/individual/company |
| Cooperative Sector | Ownership, control, management by state government and individuals/groups |
Suggestions related to industrial licensing policy were first proposed by the Dutt Committee in 1970.
India's oldest industry; country's largest organised sector; largest sector providing employment after agriculture.
| Nickname | City |
|---|---|
| India's Cottonopolis / Manchester | Mumbai |
| East's Boston | Ahmedabad |
| North India's Manchester | Kanpur |
| South India's Manchester | Coimbatore |
International Jute Organisation: Established 1984, HQ Dhaka.
Types of Silk: Eri, Mulberry, Muga, Tasar, Oak Tasar.
Industries divided into 3 categories: Government sector (17), Government + Private (12), Private.
Special emphasis on small and cottage industries; establishment of District Industries Centre (DIC).
Promoted the concept of economic federation; emphasis on solving problems of sick industrial units.
Industries reserved for Public Sector: Atomic Energy and Rail Transport.
IOC, ONGC, CIL, SAIL, NTPC, BHEL, BPCL, PGCIL, PFC, RECL, OIL, GAIL, HPCL, HAL
| Category-I Miniratna | Category-II Miniratna |
|---|---|
| 3 years continuous profit; ₹30 crore profit in the year; capex autonomy up to ₹1500 crore or net worth (whichever lower) | 3 years profit + positive net worth; capex autonomy up to ₹300 crore or 50% of net worth (whichever lower) |
| Current: 49 (March 2025) | Current: 10 (March 2025) |
| Sector | Weightage |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 77.63% |
| Mining | 14.37% |
| Electricity | ~8% (7.99%) |
| Core Industry | Weightage |
|---|---|
| Refinery products | 28.04% |
| Electricity | 19.85% |
| Steel | 17.92% |
| Crude oil | 8.98% |
| Coal | 10.33% |
| Natural gas | 6.88% |
| Cement | 5.37% |
| Fertilisers | 2.63% |
Objective: To provide a suitable environment for the export of goods from the country.
| Public Sector Company | Sold to Private Sector Company |
|---|---|
| Modern Food Industries | Hindustan Lever Limited |
| BALCO | Sterlite Industries |
| Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited | Panatone Finvest Limited (Tata Group) |
| Enterprise | Investment (Current) | Investment (Revised) | Turnover (Current/Revised) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Micro Enterprise | ₹1 crore | ₹2.5 crore | ₹5 crore / ₹10 crore |
| Small Enterprise | ₹10 crore | ₹25 crore | ₹50 crore / ₹100 crore |
| Medium Enterprise | ₹50 crore | ₹125 crore | ₹250 crore / ₹500 crore |
| Institution | Established |
|---|---|
| Cottage Industries Board | 1948 |
| Central Silk Board | 1948 |
| All India Handicrafts Board | 1952 |
| All India Khadi and Village Board | 1953 |
| Small Scale Industries Development Organisation | 1954 |
| Khadi and Village Industries Commission | 1957 |
| Regional Rural Banks | 1975 |
| District Industries Centre | 1978 |
| SIDBI | 1990 |
| All India Handloom Board | 1992 |
| Center | Industry |
|---|---|
| Kanchipuram | Silk |
| Salem | Textiles |
| Sivakasi | Match Box |
| Ambala | Scientific Instruments |
| Jamnagar | Dyes, Petrochemicals |
| Rajkot | Engine Pump |
| Vapi (Ankleshwar) | Chemistry |
| Bareilly | Zari |
| Bhagalpur | Knitting |
| Tiruppur | Hosiery and Knitting |
| Moradabad | Brass Handicrafts, Metallurgy |
| Saharanpur | Wood Carving |
| Ludhiana | Heavy Machinery and Hosiery |
| Surat | Gems and Jewellery |
| Panaji (Goa) | Rubber Industry |
| Panipat | Handloom |
| Bhopal | Pesticide Industry |
| Alleppey | Coconut Fibre and Products |
| Jalandhar | Sports Goods |
| Mon (Nagaland) | Wood Products |
| Nalbari | Bamboo Products |
| Pinjore | Machine Tools |
| Nagpur | Handloom |
| Visakhapatnam | Fish Products |
| Meerut | Sports Goods |
| Aligarh | Brass Locks |
| Agra | Leather, Footwear |
| Khurja | Pottery |
To expedite infrastructure projects.
Objective: To increase productivity in industries.
| Scheme | Started | Objective |
|---|---|---|
| Make in India | 25 September 2014 | Promote investment and manufacturing in India |
| Start Up India | January 2016 | Nurture innovation and startups ecosystem |
| Stand Up India Scheme | April 2016 | Promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST women |
| Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana | 8 April 2015 | Refinancing of microfinance institutions |
| SAATHI Scheme | October 2017 | Adopt modern, efficient textile technology in small industries |
| Power Tex India Scheme | April 2017 | Development of the powerloom sector |
| Topic | Key Fact |
|---|---|
| Industrial Growth Rate | 6.2% (2024–25) |
| Industrial Share in GVA | 27.6% (2024) | Was 13% in 1950–51 |
| First Industrial Revolution | England |
| Dutt Committee | First proposed industrial licensing policy — 1970 |
| TISCO | 1907 | Jamshedpur, Jharkhand | Tata Iron and Steel Company |
| First Public Sector Steel Plant | Rourkela Steel Plant, 1959 (Odisha) |
| NALCO | 1981 | Bhubaneswar (Odisha) | Country's largest Bauxite-Aluminium project |
| BALCO | 1965 | Korba, Chhattisgarh | First public sector undertaking in India |
| Textiles — India's oldest industry | Largest organised sector | Largest employment after agriculture |
| First Cotton Textile Mill | Kolkata (1818) |
| India's Cottonopolis | Mumbai |
| East's Boston | Ahmedabad |
| Most Cotton Mills State | Tamil Nadu |
| North India's Manchester | Kanpur |
| South India's Manchester | Coimbatore |
| Jute — India's position | Largest producer | Second largest exporter | First mill: 1855, Rishra, Kolkata |
| Largest Jute Producer State | West Bengal |
| Silk — India's position | 2nd largest producer (1st: China) | Largest producer: Karnataka |
| First Industrial Policy | 1948 | Announced 6 April 1948 | 4 categories |
| Industrial Policy 1956 | 3 categories: Govt (17), Govt+Private (12), Private |
| New Industrial Policy LPG | 24 July 1991 | Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation |
| Industries Reserved for Public Sector | Atomic Energy and Rail Transport |
| MRTP Act | 1969 | Replaced by Competition Act, 2002 |
| Navratna — Started | 1997 | Score 60/100 | Current: 26 (May 2025) |
| Maharatna — Started | 2010 | 14 companies |
| Miniratna Category I | 49 (March 2025) | 3 years continuous profit | ₹30 crore in a year |
| Miniratna Category II | 10 (March 2025) |
| IIP Base Year | 2011–12 | Estimated monthly by NSO |
| IIP — Manufacturing Weightage | 77.63% |
| Core Industries | Eight | Total weightage 40.27% |
| Highest Weightage Core Industry | Refinery products (28.04%) |
| Asia's First EPZ | 1965 | Kandla (Gujarat) |
| EPZ to SEZ | 1 April 2000 | SEZ Act: 2005 |
| NIIF | Established 2015 | ₹40,000 crore | Centre 50% + Private 50% |
| NPC | Established 1958 | Increase productivity in industries |
| Make in India | 25 September 2014 | Promote investment and manufacturing |
| Stand Up India | April 2016 | Entrepreneurship for SC/ST women |
| Start Up India | January 2016 | Nurture innovation and startups |
| PM Mudra Yojana | 8 April 2015 | Refinancing of microfinance institutions |